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21.  Extended electrical tuning of quantum cascade lasers with digital concatenated gratings
S. Slivken, N. Bandyopadhyay, Y. Bai, Q. Y. Lu, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 231110 (2013)-- December 6, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
In this report, the sampled grating distributed feedback laser architecture is modified with digital concatenated gratings to partially compensate for the wavelength dependence of optical gain in a standard high efficiency quantum cascade laser core. This allows equalization of laser threshold over a wide wavelength range and demonstration of wide electrical tuning. With only two control currents, a full tuning range of 500 nm (236 cm−1) has been demonstrated. Emission is single mode, with a side mode suppression of >20 dB. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Recent advances in high power mid- and far-wavelength infrared lasers for free space communication
S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Optics East Conference, October 1-4, 2006, Boston, MA Proceedings – Active and Passive Optical Components for Communications VI, Vol. 6389, p. 63890S-1-- October 4, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
Link reliability is a significant issue for free space optical links. Inclement weather, such as fog, can seriously reduce the transmission of light through the atmosphere. However, this effect, for some types of fog, is wavelength-dependent. In order to improve link availability in both metro and hostile environments, mid- and far-wavelength infrared diode lasers can be of use. This paper will discuss some of the recent advances in high-power, uncooled quantum cascade lasers and their potential for use in long range and/or highly reliable free space communication links. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Temperature dependent characteristics of λ ~ 3.8 µm room-temperature continuous-wave quantum-cascade lasers
J.S. Yu, A. Evans, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 88 (25)-- June 19, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The highest-performance device displays pulsed laser action at wavelengths between 3.4 and 3.6 μm, for temperatures up to 300 K, with a low temperature (80 K) threshold current density of approximately 2.6 kA/cm2, and a characteristic temperature of T0~130 K. The shortest wavelength QCL (λ ~ 3.05 μm) has a higher threshold current density (~12 kA/cm2 at T=20 K) and operates in pulsed mode at temperatures up to 110 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Recent performance records for mid-IR quantum cascade lasers
M. Razeghi; Y. Bai; S. Slivken; S. Kuboya; S.R. Darvish
Terahertz and Mid Infrared Radiation: Basic Research and Practical Applications, 2009. TERA-MIR International Workshop [5379656], (2009) -- November 9, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The wall plug efficiency of the mid-infrared quantum cascade laser in room temperature continuous wave operation is brought to 17%. Peak output power from a broad area (400 μm x 3 mm) device gives 120 W output power in pulsed mode operation at room temperature. Using a single-well-injector design, specifically made for low temperature operation, a record wall plug efficiency of 53% is demonstrated at 40 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Novel Method for Reclaim/Reuse of Bulk GaN Substrates using Sacrifical ZnO Release Layers
A. Rajan, S. Sundaram, Y. El Gmili, P. L. Voss, K. Pantzas, T. Moudakir, A. Ougazzaden, D. J. Rogers, F. Hosseini Teherani, V. E. Sandana, P. Bove, K. Prior, R. McClintock & M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 8987, Oxide-based Materials and Devices V, 898719-- April 2, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
Free-standing (0002)-oriented GaN substrates (f = 2”) were coated with 200 nm of ZnO and used as templates for the growth of GaN thin films. SEM and AFM revealed that such GaN layers had a relatively homogenous surface morphology with an RMS roughness (5 μm x 5 μm) of less than 4nm. XRD studies revealed strained ZnO growth on the GaN substrate and the reproduction of the substrate rocking curve for the GaN overlayers after only a hundred nm of growth, thus indicating that the GaN films had superior crystallographic quality compared to those grown on sapphire or ZnO/sapphire substrates. Quarter-wafer areas of GaN were removed from the GaN substrate (by selective chemical etching away of the ZnO interlayer). The expensive GaN substrates were then reclaimed/reused (without the need for polishing) for a second cycle of ZnO and GaN growth, which gave similar XRD, SEM, CL and AFM results to the first cycle. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High Power Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) Grown by GasMBE
M. Razeghi and S. Slivken
SPIE Proceedings, International Conference on Solid State Crystals (ICSSC), Zakopane, Poland, -- October 14, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
This paper is a brief summary of the technological development and state-of-the-art performance of quantum cascade lasers produced at the Centre for Quantum Devices. Laser design will be discussed, as well as experimental details of device fabrication. Recent work has focused on the development of high peak and average power QCLs emitting at room temperature and above. Scaling of the output is demonstrated by increasing the number of emitting regions in the waveguide core. At λ = 9 µm, over 7 W of peak power has been demonstrated at room temperature for a single diode, with an average power of 300 mW at 6% duty cycle. At shorter wavelengths, laser development includes the use of highly strain-balanced heterostructures in order to maintain a high conduction band offset and minimize leakage current. At λ = 6 µm, utilizing a high reflective coating and epilayer-down mounting of the laser, we have demonstrated 225 mW of average power from a single facet at room temperature. Lastly, these results are put in perspective of other reported results and possible future directions are discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High Performance Planar Antimony-Based Superlattice Photodetectors Using Zinc Diffusion Grown by MBE
Jiakai Li, R. K. Saroj, Steven Slivken, V. H. Nguyen, Gail Brown and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics 2022, 9, 664 ...[Visit Journal]
In this letter, we report a mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) planar photodetector based on InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) that has a cut-off wavelength of 4.3 um at 77 K. The superlattice for the device was grown by molecular beam epitaxy while the planar device structure was achieved by Zinc diffusion process in a metal–organic chemical vapor deposition reactor. At 77 K, the peak responsivity and the corresponding quantum efficiency had the value of 1.42 A/W and 48% respectively at 3.7 um under -20 mV for the MWIR planar photodetector. At 77 K, the MWIR planar photodetector exhibits a dark current density of 2.0E5 A/cm^2 and the R0A value of ~3.0E2 Ohm cm^2 under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of 4.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W at 3.7 um. At 150 K, the planar device showed a dark current density of 6.4E-5 A/cm^2 and a quantum efficiency of 49% at ~3.7 um under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of 2.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Interface-induced Suppression of the Auger Recombination in Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattices
H. Mohseni, V.I. Litvinov and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B 58 (23)-- December 15, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
The temperature dependence of the nonequilibrium carriers lifetime has been deduced from the measurement of the photocurrent response in InAs/GaSb superlattices. Based on the temperature dependence of the responsivity and modeling of the transport parameters we have found that the carrier lifetime weakly depends on temperature in the high-temperature region. This indicates the temperature dependence of the Auger recombination rate with no threshold that differs it from that in the bulk material and can be attributed to the interface-induced suppression of the Auger recombination in thin quantum wells. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High-power continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ~ 7.8 µm
S.R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 89 (25)-- December 18, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors present high-power continuous-wave (cw) operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers. Continuous-wave output powers of 56 mW at 25 °C and 15 mW at 40 °C are obtained. Single-mode emission near 7.8 μm with a side-mode suppression ratio of >=30 dB and a tuning range of 2.83 cm−1 was obtained between 15 and 40 °C. The device exhibits no beam steering with a full width at half maximum of 27.4° at 25 °C in cw mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  InAsSbP/InAsSb/InAs Laser Diodes λ = 3.2 μm) Grown by Low-Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
J. Diaz, G. Lukas, D. Wu, S. Kim, M. Erdtmann, E. Kaas, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 70 (1)-- January 6, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We report metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition-grown double heterostructure InAsSbP/InAsSb/InAs diode lasers emitting at 3.2 μm operating at temperatures up to 220 K with threshold current density of 40 A/cm² at 77 K and characteristic temperature up to 42 K. Output powers as high as 260 mW in pulse mode and 60 mW in continuous wave operation have been obtained from an uncoated 100 μm stripe-width broad-area laser at 77 K. Comparison with theory shows that there is no significant nonradiative recombination mechanism for these lasers at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Phase-matched optical second-harmonic generation in GaN and AlN slab waveguides
D.N. Hahn, G.T. Kiehne, G.K.L. Wong, J.B. Ketterson, P. Kung, A. Saxler and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 85 (5)-- March 1, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
Phase-matched optical second-harmonic (SH) generation was observed in GaN and AlN slab waveguides. Phase matching was achieved by waveguide modal dispersion. By tuning the output wavelength of an optical parametric amplifier, several phased-matched SH peaks were observed in the visible spectrum covering blue to red wavelengths. The peak positions are in agreement with the values calculated using the dispersive refractive indices of the film and substrate materials. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  III-nitride based avalanche photo detectors
R. McClintock, E. Cicek, Z. Vashaei, C. Bayram, M. Razeghi and M. Ulmer
Proceedings, Vol. 7780, p. 77801B, SPIE Optics and Photonics Symposium, Conference on Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane and Single Photon, San Diego, CA -- August 4, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
Research into III-Nitride based avalanche photodiodes (APDs) is motivated by the need for high sensitivity ultraviolet (UV) detectors in numerous civilian and military applications. By designing III-Nitride photodetectors that utilize low-noise impact ionization high internal gain can be realized-GaN APDs operating in Geiger mode can achieve gains exceeding 1×107. Thus with careful design, it becomes possible to count photons at the single photon level. In this paper we review the current state of the art in III-Nitride visible-blind APDs and discuss the critical design choices necessary to achieve high performance Geiger mode devices. Other major technical issues associated with the realization of visible-blind Geiger mode APDs are also discussed in detail and future prospects for improving upon the performance of these devices are outlined. The photon detection efficiency, dark count rate, and spectral response of or most recent Geiger-mode GaN APDs on free-standing GaN substrates are studied under low photon fluxes, with single photon detection capabilities being demonstrated. We also present our latest results regarding linear mode gain uniformity: the study of gain uniformity helps reveal the spatial origins of gain so that we can better understand the role of defects. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  GaN, GaAlN, and AlN for use in UV Detectors for Astrophysics: An Update
P. Kung, A. Saxler, X. Zhang, D. Walker, M. Razeghi, and M. Ulmer
SPIE Photonics West '96 Photodetectors: Materials and Devices; Proceedings 2685-- January 27, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
In SPIE Proceeding 2397 we demonstrated that there is a large payoff still to be gained by further improvements in the performance of solar blind UV detectors for astronomical purposes. We suggested that a particularly promising future technology is one based on the ability of investigators to produce high-quality films made of wide bandgap III-IV semiconductors. Here we report on significant progress we have made over the past year to fabricate and test single-pixel devices. The next step will be to measure and improve detective efficiency, measure the solar blindness over a larger dynamic range, and begin developing multiple-pixel designs. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Solar-Blind AlxGa1-xN p-i-n Photodetectors grown on LEO and non-LEO GaN
P. Sandvik, D. Walker, P. Kung, K. Mi, F. Shahedipour, V. Kumar, X. Zhang, J. Diaz, C. Jelen, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 3948, pp. 265 -- January 26, 2000 ...[Visit Journal]
The III-Nitride material system is an excellent candidate for UV photodetector applications due to its wide, direct bandgaps and robust material nature. However, despite many inherent material advantages, the III-Nitride material system typically suffers from a large number of extended defects which degrade material quality and device performance. One technique aimed at reducing defect densities in these materials is lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO). In this work, we present a preliminary comparison between AlGaN UV, solar-blind p-i-n photodiodes fabricated form LEO GaN and non-LEO GaN. Improvements in both responsivity and rejection ratio are observed, however, further device improvements are necessary. For these, we focus on the optimization of the p- i-n structure and a reduction in contact resistivity to p- GaN and p-AlGaN layers. By improving the structure of the device, GaN p-i-n photodiodes were fabricated and demonstrate 86 percent internal quantum efficiency at 362 nm and a peak to visible rejection ratio of 105. Contact treatments have reduced the contact resistivity to p-GaN and p-AlGaN by over one order of magnitude form our previous results. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  GaN p-i-n photodiodes with high visible-to-ultraviolet rejection ratio
P. Kung, X. Zhang, D. Walker, A. Saxler, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
UV photodetectors are critical components in many applications, including UV astronomy, flame sensors, early missile threat warning and space-to-space communications. Because of the presence of strong IR radiation in these situations, the photodetectors have to be solar blind, i.e. able to detect UV radiation while not being sensitive to IR. AlxGa1-xN is a promising material system for such devices. AlxGa1-xN materials are wide bandgap semiconductors, with a direct bandgap whose corresponding wavelength can be continuously tuned from 200 to 365 nm. AlxGa1-xN materials are thus insensitive to visible and IR radiation whose wavelengths are higher than 365 nm. We have already reported the fabrication and characterization of AlxGa1-xN-based photoconductors with a cut-off wavelength tunable from 200 to 365 nm by adjusting the ternary alloy composition. Here, we present the growth and characterization of GaN p-i- n photodiodes which exhibit a visible-to-UV rejection ratio of 6 orders or magnitude. The thin films were grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Square mesa structures were fabricated using dry etching, followed by contact metallization. The spectral response, rejection ratio and transient response of these photodiodes is reported. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Electron-spin resonance of the two-dimensional electron gas in Ga0.47In0.53As-InP heterostructures
M. Dobers, J. P. Vieren,, Y. Guldner P. Bove, F. Omnes, and M. Razeghi
Phys. Rev. B 40, 8075(R) – Published 15 October, 1989-- October 15, 1989 ...[Visit Journal]
The microwave-induced change of the magnetoresistivity of Ga0.47In0.53As-InP heterostructures reveals resonant structure which is attributed to electron-spin resonance of the two-dimensional conduction electrons. With microwave frequencies up to 480 GHz and in magnetic fields up to 12 T, we studied the spin splitting of the two lowest Landau levels in different samples. The spin splitting of these Landau levels is a quadratic function of the magnetic field and its extrapolation to zero magnetic field leads to vanishing spin splitting. The g factors depend on the magnetic field B and the Landau level N as follows: g(B,N)=𝑔0-c(N+1/2)B, where 𝑔0 and c are sample-dependent parameters, which are of the order of 𝑔0≊4.1 and c≊0.08 T−1, in the studied heterostructures. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High power InAsSb/InPAsSb/InAs mid-infrared lasers
A. Rybaltowski, Y. Xiao, D. Wu, B. Lane, H. Yi, H. Feng, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 71 (17)-- October 27, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate high-power InAsSb/InPAsSb laser bars (λ ≈ 3.2 μm) consisting of three 100 μm-wide laser stripes of 700 μm cavity length, with peak output power up to 3 W at 90 K, and far-fields for the direction perpendicular to the junction as narrow as 12° full width half maximum. Spectra and far-field patterns of the laser bars are shown to have excellent characteristics for a wide range of operating conditions, suggesting the possibility of even higher light power emission with good beam quality. Joule heating is shown to be the major factor limiting higher power operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Effect of sidewall surface recombination on the quantum efficiency in a Y2O3 passivated gated type-II InAs/GaSb long-infrared photodetector array
G. Chen, A. M. Hoang, S. Bogdanov, A. Haddadi, S. R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 223501 (2013)-- November 25, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
Y2O3 was applied to passivate a long-wavelength infrared type-II superlattice gated photodetector array with 50% cut-off wavelength at 11 μm, resulting in a saturated gate bias that was 3 times lower than in a SiO2 passivated array. Besides effectively suppressing surface leakage, gating technique exhibited its ability to enhance the quantum efficiency of 100 × 100 μm size mesa from 51% to 57% by suppressing sidewall surface recombination. At 77 K, the gated photodetector showed dark current density and resistance-area product at −300 mV of 2.5 × 10−5 A/cm² and 1.3 × 104 Ω·cm², respectively, and a specific detectivity of 1.4 × 1012 Jones. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Surface plasmon enhanced light emission from AlGaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes grown on Si (111)
Chu-Young Cho, Yinjun Zhang, Erdem Cicek, Benjamin Rahnema, Yanbo Bai, Ryan McClintock, and Manijeh Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 211110 (2013)-- May 31, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the development of surface plasmon (SP) enhanced AlGaN-based multiple quantum wells (MQWs) ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on silicon (111) substrates. In order to generate SP-coupling with the radiating dipoles in MQWs, an aluminum layer is selectively deposited in holes etched in the top p-AlGaN to p-GaN layers. After flip-chip bonding and substrate removal, an optical output power of ∼1.2 mW is achieved at an emission wavelength of 346 nm; the output power of these UV LEDs with Al layer is increased by 45% compared to that of conventional UV LEDs without Al layer. This enhancement can be attributed to an increase in the spontaneous emission rate and improved internal quantum efficiency via resonance coupling between excitons in MQWs and SPs in the aluminum layer. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Room Temperature Operation of InTlSb Infrared Photodetectors on GaAs
J.D. Kim, E. Michel, S. Park, J. Xu, S. Javadpour and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 69 (3)-- August 15, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
Long-wavelength InTlSb photodetectors operating at room temperature are reported. The photo- detectors were grown on (100) semi-insulating GaAs substrates by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Photoresponse of InTlSb photodetectors is observed up to 11 µm at room temperature. The maximum responsivity of an In0.96Tl0.04Sb photodetector is about 6.64 V/W at 77 K, corresponding to a detectivity of about 7.64 × 108 cm·Hz½/W. The carrier lifetime in InTlSb photodetectors derived from the stationary photoconductivity is 10–50 ns at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High-brightness LWIR quantum cascade lasers
F. Wang, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
F. Wang, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, High-brightness LWIR quantum cascade lasers, Optics Letters, vol. 46, No. 20, 5193 ...[Visit Journal]
Long-wave infrared (LWIR, lambda~8-12 um) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are drawing increasing interest, as they provide the possibility of long-distance transmission of light through the atmosphere owing to the reduced water absorption. However, their development has been lagging behind the shorter wavelength QCLs due to much bigger technological challenges. In this Letter, through band structure engineering based on a highly localized diagonal laser transition strategy and out-coupler design using an electrically isolated taper structure, we demonstrate high beam quality single-mode LWIR QCLs with high-brightness (2.0 MW cm-2 sr-1 for lambda~10 um, 2.2 MW cm-2 sr-1 for lambda~9 um, 5.0 MW cm-2 sr-1 for lambda~8 um) light extraction from a single facet in continuous-wave operation at 15 oC. These results mark an important milestone in exploring the lighting capability of inter-sub-band semiconductor lasers in the LWIR spectral range. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Band-gap narrowing and potential fluctuation in Si-doped GaN
I.H. Lee, J.J. Lee, P. Kung, F.J. Sanchez, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 74 (1)-- January 4, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We investigate the optical properties of two sets of Si-doped GaN epitaxial layers with different degree of compensation. The electron concentration dependence of the band-gap energy measured by photoluminescence is interpreted as band-gap narrowing effect and evaluated by a simple relation. The photoluminescence peak positions of heavily compensated samples are shifted downward with respect to those of moderately compensated samples, and the down shift becomes larger at higher electron density. Based on analysis of photoluminescence spectra, these prominent behaviors are accounted for by band-edge potential fluctuation associated with inhomogeneous residual impurities. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Modeling of Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattices Using Empirical Tight-Binding Method and Interface Engineering
Y. Wei and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B, 69 (8)-- February 15, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the most recent work on the modeling of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices using the empirical tight binding method in an sp3s* basis. After taking into account the antimony segregation in the InAs layers, the modeling accuracy of the band gap has been improved. Our calculations agree with our experimental results within a certain growth uncertainty. In addition, we introduce the concept of GaxIn1-x type interface engineering in order to reduce the lattice mismatch between the superlattice and the GaSb (001) substrate to improve the overall superlattice material quality. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Dark current suppression in Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice long wavelength infrared photodiodes with M-structure barrier
B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, P.Y. Delaunay, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 16, p. 163511-1-- October 15, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
We presented an alternative design of Type-II superlattice photodiodes with the insertion of a mid-wavelength infrared M-structure AlSb/GaSb/InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattice for the reduction of dark current. The M-structure superlattice has a larger carrier effective mass and a greater band discontinuity as compared to the standard Type-II superlattices at the valence band. It acts as an effective medium that weakens the diffusion and tunneling transport at the depletion region. As a result, a 10.5 µm cutoff Type-II superlattice with 500 nm M-superlattice barrier exhibited a R0A of 200 cm2 at 77 K, approximately one order of magnitude higher than the design without the barrier. The quantum efficiency of such structures does not show dependence on either barrier thickness or applied bias. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Thermal stability of GaN thin films grown on (0001) Al2O3, (0112) Al2O3 and (0001)Si 6H-SiC substrates
C.J. Sun, P. Kung, A. Saxler, H. Ohsato, E. Bigan, M. Razeghi, and D.K. Gaskill
Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1)-- July 1, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
Single crystals of GaN were grown on (0001), (0112) Al2O3 and (0001)Si 6H‐SiC substrates using an atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical‐vapor‐deposition reactor. The relationship has been studied between the thermal stability of the GaN films and the substrate’s surface polarity. It appeared that the N‐terminated (0001) GaN surface grown on (0001)Si 6H‐SiC has the most stable surface, followed by the nonpolar (1120) GaN surface grown on (0112) Al2O3, while the Ga‐terminated (0001) GaN surface grown on (0001) Al2O3 has the least stable surface. This is explained with the difference in the atomic configuration of each of these surfaces which induces a difference in their thermal decomposition. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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