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21.  Radiative recombination of confined electrons at the MgZnO/ ZnO heterojunction interface
Sumin Choi, David J. Rogers, Eric V. Sandana, Philippe Bove, Ferechteh H. Teherani, Christian Nenstiel, Axel Hoffmann, Ryan McClintock, Manijeh Razeghi, David Look, Angus Gentle, Matthew R. Phillips & Cuong Ton-That
Nature Scientific Reports 7, pp. 7457-- August 7, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
We investigate the optical signature of the interface in a single MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction, which exhibits two orders of magnitude lower resistivity and 10 times higher electron mobility compared with the MgZnO/Al2O3 film grown under the same conditions. These impressive transport properties are attributed to increased mobility of electrons at the MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction interface. Depthresolved cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence studies reveal a 3.2 eV H-band optical emission from the heterointerface, which exhibits excitonic properties and a localization energy of 19.6 meV. The emission is attributed to band-bending due to the polarization discontinuity at the interface, which leads to formation of a triangular quantum well and localized excitons by electrostatic coupling. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High performance InAs quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIP) on InP by MOCVD
W. Zhang, H. Lim, M. Taguchi, S. Tsao, J. Szafraniec, B. Movaghar, M. Razeghi, and M. Tidrow
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5732, pp. 326-- January 22, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
Inter-subband detectors such as quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) have been widely used in infrared detection. Quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) have been predicted to have better performance than QWIPs including higher operation temperature and normal incidence detection. Here we report our recent results of InAs QDIP grown on InP substrate by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The device structures consist of multiple stacks of InAs quantum dots with InP barriers. High detectivities in the range of 1010cm·Hz1/2/W were obtained at 77K. The measurements at higher temperatures show better temperature dependent performance than QWIP. However, the performances of QDIPs are still far from the expected. One of the reasons is the low quantum efficiency due to the low fill factor of quantum dots layer. Resonant cavity enhanced QDIP has been studied to increase the quantum efficiency. Different schemes of mirrors using free carrier plasma and distributed Bragg reflector are discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High Power, Room Temperature, Continuous-Wave Operation of Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by GasMBE
A. Evans, J. David, L. Doris, J.S. Yu, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5359, pp. 188-- January 25, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
Very high power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers are demonstrated in the mid-infrared (3 - 6 µm) wavelength range. λ~6 µm high-reflectivity coated QCLs are demonstrated producing over 370 mW continuous-wave power at room temperature with continuous-wave operation up to 333 K. Advanced heterostructure geometries, including the use of a thick electroplated gold, epilayer-side heat sink and a buried-ridge heterostructure are demonstrated to improve laser performance significantly when combined with narrow laser ridges. Recent significant improvements in CW operation are presented and include the development if narrow (9 µm-wide) ridges for high temperature CW operation. GasMBE growth of the strain-balanced λ~6 µm QCL heterostructure is discussed. X-ray diffraction measurements are presented and compared to computer simulations that indicate excellent layer and compositional uniformity of the structure. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High Performance Planar Antimony-Based Superlattice Photodetectors Using Zinc Diffusion Grown by MBE
Jiakai Li, R. K. Saroj, Steven Slivken, V. H. Nguyen, Gail Brown and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics 2022, 9, 664 ...[Visit Journal]
In this letter, we report a mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) planar photodetector based on InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) that has a cut-off wavelength of 4.3 um at 77 K. The superlattice for the device was grown by molecular beam epitaxy while the planar device structure was achieved by Zinc diffusion process in a metal–organic chemical vapor deposition reactor. At 77 K, the peak responsivity and the corresponding quantum efficiency had the value of 1.42 A/W and 48% respectively at 3.7 um under -20 mV for the MWIR planar photodetector. At 77 K, the MWIR planar photodetector exhibits a dark current density of 2.0E5 A/cm^2 and the R0A value of ~3.0E2 Ohm cm^2 under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of 4.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W at 3.7 um. At 150 K, the planar device showed a dark current density of 6.4E-5 A/cm^2 and a quantum efficiency of 49% at ~3.7 um under -20 mV, which yielded a specific detectivity of 2.0E11 cm Hz^(1/2)/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Effect of sidewall surface recombination on the quantum efficiency in a Y2O3 passivated gated type-II InAs/GaSb long-infrared photodetector array
G. Chen, A. M. Hoang, S. Bogdanov, A. Haddadi, S. R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 223501 (2013)-- November 25, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
Y2O3 was applied to passivate a long-wavelength infrared type-II superlattice gated photodetector array with 50% cut-off wavelength at 11 μm, resulting in a saturated gate bias that was 3 times lower than in a SiO2 passivated array. Besides effectively suppressing surface leakage, gating technique exhibited its ability to enhance the quantum efficiency of 100 × 100 μm size mesa from 51% to 57% by suppressing sidewall surface recombination. At 77 K, the gated photodetector showed dark current density and resistance-area product at −300 mV of 2.5 × 10−5 A/cm² and 1.3 × 104 Ω·cm², respectively, and a specific detectivity of 1.4 × 1012 Jones. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of high quality AlN/GaN superlattices for intersubband transitions
C. Bayram, B. Fain, N. Pere-Laperne, R. McClintock and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7222-12-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
A pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique, specifically designed for high quality AlN/GaN superlattices (SLs) is introduced. Optical quality and precise controllability over layer thicknesses are investigated. Indium is shown to improve interface and surface quality. An AlN/GaN SL designed for intersubband transition at a telecommunication wavelength of ~1.5 µm, is grown, and processed for intersubband (ISB) absorption measurements. Room temperature measurements show intersubband absorption centered at 1.49 µm. Minimal (n-type) silicon doping of the well is shown to be crucial for good ISB absorption characteristics. The potential to extend this technology into the far infrared and even the terahertz (THz) region is also discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  III-Nitride Avalanche Photodiodes
P. Kung, R. McClintock, J. Pau Vizcaino, K. Minder, C. Bayram and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IV, Vol. 6479, p. 64791J-1-12-- January 29, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
Wide bandgap III-Nitride semiconductors are a promising material system for the development of ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes (APDs) that could be a viable alternative to photomultiplier tubes. In this paper, we report the epitaxial growth and physical properties of device quality GaN layers on high quality AlN templates for the first backilluminated GaN p-i-n APD structures on transparent sapphire substrates. Under low bias and linear mode avalanche operation where they exhibited gains near 1500 after undergoing avalanche breakdown. The breakdown electric field in GaN was determined to be 2.73 MV/cm. The hole impact ionization coefficients were shown to be greater than those of electrons. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Research activity on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice for LWIR detection and imaging at the Center for Quantum Devices
M. Razeghi and B.M. Nguyen
American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings Vol. 949, Issue 1, p. 35-42, 6th International Workshop on Information Optics (WIO'07), Reykjavik, Iceland, June 25-30, 2007-- October 24, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
Type-II superlattice photodetectors have recently experienced significant improvements in both theoretical structure design and experimental realization. Empirical Tight Binding Method was initiated and developed for Type-II superlattice. A new Type-II structure, called M-structure, was introduced and theoretically demonstrated high R0A, high quantum efficiency. Device design and growth condition were optimized to improve the performance. As a result, a 54% quantum efficiency, a 12 Ω·cm2 R0A were achieved for 11 µm cut-off photodetector at 77 K. Effective surface passivation techniques for MWIR and LWIR Type-II superlattice were developed. FPA imaging at MWIR and LWIR were demonstrated with a capability of imaging up to room temperature and 211 K respectively. The noise equivalent temperature difference presented a peak at 50 mK for MWIR FPA at 121 K and 26 mK for LWIR FPA at 81 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  High Carrier Lifetime InSb Grown on GaAs Substrates
E. Michel, H. Mohseni, J.D. Kim, J. Wojkowski, J. Sandven, J. Xu, M. Razeghi, R. Bredthauer, P. Vu, W. Mitchel, and M. Ahoujja
Applied Physics Letters 71 (8-- August 25, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the growth of near bulklike InSb on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy despite the 14% lattice mismatch between the epilayer and the substrate. Structural, electrical, and optical properties were measured to assess material quality. X-ray full widths at half-maximum were as low as 55 arcsec for a 10 µm epilayer, peak mobilities as high as ~ 125 000 cm2/V s, and carrier lifetimes up to 240 ns at 80 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Molecular beam epitaxial growth of InSb p-i-n photodetectors on GaAs and Si
E. Michel, R. Peters, S. Slivken, C. Jelen, P. Bove, J. Xu, I. Ferguson, and M. Razeghi
Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Materials, Physics and Devices, SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings, Vol. 2397-- February 6, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
High quality InSb has been grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy and optimized using Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction. A 4.8 micrometers InSb layer grown on GaAs at a growth temperature of 395 degree(s)C and a III/V incorporation ratio of 1:1.2 had an X-ray rocking curve FWHM of 158 arcsec and a Hall mobility of 92300 cm2V-1s-1 at 77 K, the best reported to date for InSb nucleated directly onto GaAs. InSb p-i-n structures of 5.8 micrometers grown under the same conditions demonstrated a X-ray Full Width at Half Maximum of 101 arcsec and 131 arcsec for GaAs and Si substrates, respectively, and exhibited excellent uniformity of +/- 3 arcsec over a 3' substrate. Prototype InSb p-i-n detectors on Si have been fabricated and have demonstrated photovoltaic response at 6.5 micrometers up to 200 K. These p-i-n detectors have also exhibited the highest D* for a device grown onto Si. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Tl incorporation in InSb and lattice contraction of In1-xTlxSb
J.J. Lee and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 76 (3)-- January 17, 2000 ...[Visit Journal]
Ternary In1−xTlxSb thin films are grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition in the high In composition region. Infrared photoresponse spectra of the In1−xTlxSb epilayers show a clear shift toward a longer wavelength compared to that of InSb. Tl incorporation is confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy. In contrast to the theoretical expectation, high resolution x-ray diffraction study reveals that the lattice of the In1−xTlxSb epilayers is contracted by the incorporation of Tl. As more Tl is incorporated, the lattice contraction is observed to increase gradually in the experimental range. A possible origin of this phenomenon is discussed. Our experimental results suggest that the Tl incorporation behavior in In1−xTlxSb differs from that of other group III impurities in III antimonides. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Sb-based infrared materials and photodetectors for the near room temperature applications
J.D. Kim, E. Michel, H. Mohseni, J. Wojkowski, J.J. Lee and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 2999, pp. 55-- February 12, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the growth of InSb, InAsSb, and InTlSb alloys for infrared photodetector applications. The fabrication and characterization of photodetectors based on these materials are also reported. Both photoconductive and photovoltaic devices are investigated. The materials and detector structures were grown on (100) and (111)B semi-insulating GaAs and GaAs coated Si substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Photoconductive detectors fabricated from InAsSb and InTlSb have been operated in the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K. The material parameters for photovoltaic device structures have been optimized through theoretical calculations based on fundamental mechanisms. InSb p-i-n photodiodes with 77 K peak responsivities approximately 103 V/W were grown on Si and (111) GaAs substrates. An InAsSb photovoltaic detector with a composition of x equals 0.85 showed photoresponse up to 13 micrometers at 300 K with a peak responsivity of 9.13 X 10-2 V/W at 8 micrometers . The RoA product of InAsSb detectors has been theoretically and experimentally analyzed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  High Performance Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Focal Plane Arrays Based on AlGaN
Erdem Cicek, Ryan McClintock, Abbas Haddadi, William A. Gaviria Rojas, and Manijeh Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 50, Issue 8, p 591-595-- August 1, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on solar-blind ultraviolet, AlxGa1-x N- based,p-i-n,focal plane array (FPA) with 92% operability. At the peak detection wavelength of 278 nm, 320×256-FP A-pixel showed unbiased peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) and responsivity of 49% and 109 mA/W, respectively, increasing to 66% under 5 volts of reverse bias. Electrical measurements yielded a low-dark current density: <7×10-9A/cm², at FPA operating voltage of 2 volts of reverse bias. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Noise analysis in Type-II InAs/GaSb Focal Plane Arrays
P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 14-- October 5, 2009 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Internal Stress Around Micropipes in 6H-SiC Substrates
H. Ohsato, T. Kato, T. Okuda and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
6H-SiC single crystals are expected to be suitable substrates for thin film growth of the wide bandgap semiconductor (GaN, because it has a small lattice mismatch with GaN. Moreover, SiC single crystals are also expected for high-power and high- temperature electric applications because of its wide band gap, high breakdown voltage, high thermal conductivity and high temperature stability. Single crystals with large size used for electronic devices can be grown on seed crystals only by the modified Lely method based on sublimation deposition. But, single crystals have serious defects so called micropipes. These micropipes penetrate almost along the [001] direction. The internal strain around micropipes was investigated using the polarizing optical microscope for the purpose of clarifying the formation mechanisms and decreasing the amount of micropipes. A special interference figure was found around a micropipe under the crossed polars on the polarizing microscope. In this work, the special interference figure around micropipes due to internal stress was explained, and the magnitude and distribution of the stress was measured by means of photoelasticity and the mapping of Raman spectra. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Dual section quantum cascade lasers with wide electrical tuning
S. Slivken, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Tsao, S. Nida, Y. Bai, Q.Y. Lu and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 8631, p. 86310P-1, Photonics West, San Francisco, CA-- February 3, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
This paper describes our development efforts at Northwestern University regarding dual-section sampled grating distributed feedback (SGDFB) QCLs. These devices are the same size, but have much wider electrical tuning, than a traditional DFB laser. In this paper, I will show how we have dramatically extended the monolithic tuning range of high power quantum cascade lasers with high side mode suppression. This includes individual laser element tuning of up to 50 cm-1 and 24 dB average side mode suppression. These lasers are capable of room temperature continuous operation with high power (>100 mW) output. Additionally, we have demonstrated a broad spectral coverage of over 350 cm-1 on a single chip, which is equivalent to 87.5% of the gain bandwidth. The eventual goal is to realize an extended array of such laser modules in order to continuously cover a similar or broader spectral range, similar to an external cavity device without any external components. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  High power operation of λ ∼ 5.2–11 μm strain balanced quantum cascade lasers based on the same material composition
N. Bandyopadhyay, Y. Bai, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 071106 (2014)-- August 20, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
A technique based on composite quantum wells for design and growth of strain balanced Al0.63In0.37As/Ga0.35In0.65As/Ga0.47In0.53As quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), emitting in 5.2–11 μm wavelength range, is reported. The strained Al0.63In0.37As provides good electron confinement at all wavelengths, and strain balancing can be achieved through composite wells of Ga0.35In0.65As/Ga0.47In0.53As for different wavelength. The use of these fixed composition materials can avoid the need for frequent calibration of a MBE reactor to grow active regions with different strain levels for different wavelengths. Experimental results for QCLs emitting at 5.2, 6.7, 8.2, 9.1, and 11 μm exhibit good wall plug efficiencies and power across the whole wavelength range. It is shown that the emission wavelength can be predictably changed using the same design template. These lasers are also compatible with a heterogeneous broadband active region, consisting of multiple QCL cores, which can be produced in a single growth run. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  World's first demonstration of type-II superlattice dual band 640 x 512 LWIR focal plane array
E.K. Huang and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 8268, p. 82680Z-- January 22, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
High resolution multi-band infrared detection of terrestrial objects is useful in applications such as long range and high altitude surveillance. In this paper, we present a 640 x 512 type-II superlattice focal plane array (FPA) in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) suitable for such purposes, featuring 100% cutoff wavelengths at 9.5 μm (blue channel) and 13 μm (red). The dual band camera is single-bump hybridized to an Indigo 30 μm pitch ISC0905 read-out integrated circuit. Test pixels revealed background limited behavior with specific detectivities as high as ~5x1011 Jones at 7.9 μm (blue) and ~1x1011 Jones at 10.2 μm (red) at 77K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  High Detectivity InGaAs/InGaP Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown by Low Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
J. Jiang, S. Tsao, T. O'Sullivan, W. Zhang, H. Lim, T. Sills, K. Mi, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 9 (12)-- March 29, 2004 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  High‐purity GaAs layers grown by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
M. Razeghi; F. Omnes; J. Nagle; M. Defour; O. Acher; P. Bove
Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1677–1679 (1989)-- October 16, 1989 ...[Visit Journal]
We report electrical and optical properties of very high purity GaAs epilayers grown by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using AsH3 and triethylgallium as As and Ga sources. An electron mobility of 335 000 cm2/V s at 38 K has been measured for a 12‐μ‐thick layer. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Advanced InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photovoltaic Detectors for Very-Long Wavelength Infrared Applications
Y. Wei, A. Gin, M. Razeghi, and G.J. Brown
Applied Physics Letters 80 (18)-- May 6, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the temperature dependence of the photoresponse of very long wavelength infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice based photovoltaic detectors grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The detectors had a 50% cutoff wavelength of 18.8 μm and a peak current responsivity of 4 A·W-1 at 80 K. A peak detectivity of 4.5×1010 cm· Hz½·W-1 was achieved at 80 K at a reverse bias of 110 mV. The generation–recombination lifetime was 0.4 ns at 80 K. The cutoff wavelength increased very slowly with increasing temperature with a net shift from 20 to 80 K of only 1.2 μm [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  High performance quantum dot-quantum well infrared focal plane arrays
S. Tsao, A. Myzaferi, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-28, 2010), Vol. 7605, p. 76050J-1-- January 27, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum dot (QD) devices are a promising technology for high operating temperature detectors. We have studied InAs QDs embedded in an InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well structure on InP substrate for middle wavelength infrared detectors and focal plane arrays (FPAs). This combined dot-well structure has weak dot confinement of carriers, and as a result, the device behavior differs significantly from that in more common dot systems with stronger confinement. We report on our studies of the energy levels in the QDWIP devices and on QD-based detectors operating at high temperature with D* over 1010 cm·Hz½/W at 150 K operating temperature and high quantum efficiency over 50%. FPAs have been demonstrated operating at up to 200 K. We also studied two methods of adapting the QDWIP device to better accommodate FPA readout circuit limitations. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Very high quantum efficiency in type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiode with cutoff of 12 µm
B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, Y. Wei, P.Y. Delaunay, A. Hood and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, No. 23, p. 231108-1-- June 4, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors report the dependence of the quantum efficiency on device thickness of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors with a cutoff wavelength around 12 µm. The quantum efficiency and responsivity show a clear delineation in comparison to the device thickness. An external single-pass quantum efficiency of 54% is obtained for a 12 µm cutoff wavelength photodiodes with a -region thickness of 6.0 µm. The R0A value is kept stable for the range of structure thicknesses allowing for a specific detectivity (2.2×1011 cm·Hz½/W). [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Top-emission ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with peak emission at 280 nm
A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, S.R. Darvish, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 81 (5)-- July 29, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate light emission at 280 nm from UV light-emitting diodes consisting of AlInGaN/AlInGaN multiple quantum wells. Turn-on voltage of the devices is ~5 V with a differential resistance of ~40 Ω. The peak emission wavelength redshifts ~1 nm at high injection currents. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  High performance monolithic, broadly tunable mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers
WENJIA Zhou, DONGHAI Wu, RYAN McCLINTOCK, STEVEN SLIVKEN, AND MANIJEH RAZEGH1
Optica 4(10), p. 1228-- October 10, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
Mid-infrared lasers, emitting in the spectral region of 3-12 µm that contains strong characteristic vibrational tran­sitions of many important molecules, are highly desirable for spectroscopy sensing applications. High-efficiency quantum cascade lasers have been demonstrated with up to watt-level output power in the mid-infrared region. However, the wide wavelength tuning that is critical for spectroscopy applica­tions still largely relies on incorporating external gratings, which have stability issues. Here, we demonstrate a mono­lithic, broadly tunable quantum cascade laser source emitting between 6.1 and 9.2 µm through an on-chip integration of a sampled grating distributed feedback tunable laser array and a beam combiner. High peak power up to 65 mW has been obtained through a balanced high-gain active region design, efficient waveguide layout, and the development of a broad­band antireflection coating. Nearly fundamental transverse­mode operation is achieved for all emission wavelengths with a pointing stability better than 1.6 mrad (0.1 °). The demon­strated laser source opens new opportunities for mid-infrared spectroscopy. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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