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21.  High-power, continuous-operation intersubband laser for wavelengths greater than 10 micron
S. Slivken, A. Evans, W. Zhang and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, No. 15, p. 151115-1-- April 9, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
In this letter, high-power continuous-wave emission (>100 mW) and high temperature operation (358 K) at a wavelength of 10.6 µm is demonstrated using an individual diode laser. This wavelength is advantageous for many medium-power applications previously reserved for the carbon dioxide laser. Improved performance was accomplished using industry-standard InP-based materials and by careful attention to design, growth, and fabrication limitations specific to long-wave infrared semiconductor lasers. The main problem areas are explored with regard to laser performance, and general steps are outlined to minimize their impact. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Internal Stress Around Micropipes in 6H-SiC Substrates
H. Ohsato, T. Kato, T. Okuda and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 27, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
6H-SiC single crystals are expected to be suitable substrates for thin film growth of the wide bandgap semiconductor (GaN, because it has a small lattice mismatch with GaN. Moreover, SiC single crystals are also expected for high-power and high- temperature electric applications because of its wide band gap, high breakdown voltage, high thermal conductivity and high temperature stability. Single crystals with large size used for electronic devices can be grown on seed crystals only by the modified Lely method based on sublimation deposition. But, single crystals have serious defects so called micropipes. These micropipes penetrate almost along the [001] direction. The internal strain around micropipes was investigated using the polarizing optical microscope for the purpose of clarifying the formation mechanisms and decreasing the amount of micropipes. A special interference figure was found around a micropipe under the crossed polars on the polarizing microscope. In this work, the special interference figure around micropipes due to internal stress was explained, and the magnitude and distribution of the stress was measured by means of photoelasticity and the mapping of Raman spectra. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  The quantum Hall effect in modulation doped In0.53Ga0.47As-InP heterojunctions
Y. Guldner, J.P. Hirtz, J.P. Vieren, P. Voisin, M. Voos, M. Razeghi
Journal de Physique Lettres, 43 (16), pp.613-616 (1982)-- November 30, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the first observation of the quantum Hall effect in modulation doped In0.53Ga0.47As-InP heterojunctions at 4.2 and 1.5 K. The results are then compared to data obtained in a GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs heterojunction having similar electronic characteristics. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Interface-induced Suppression of the Auger Recombination in Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattices
H. Mohseni, V.I. Litvinov and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B 58 (23)-- December 15, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
The temperature dependence of the nonequilibrium carriers lifetime has been deduced from the measurement of the photocurrent response in InAs/GaSb superlattices. Based on the temperature dependence of the responsivity and modeling of the transport parameters we have found that the carrier lifetime weakly depends on temperature in the high-temperature region. This indicates the temperature dependence of the Auger recombination rate with no threshold that differs it from that in the bulk material and can be attributed to the interface-induced suppression of the Auger recombination in thin quantum wells. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High operating temperature MWIR photon detectors based on Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice
M. Razeghi, S. Abdollahi Pour, E.K. Huang, G. Chen, A. Haddadi and B.M. Nguyen
SPIE Proceedings, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVII, Orlando, FL, Vol. 8012, p. 80122Q-1-- April 26, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
Recent efforts have been paid to elevate the operating temperature of Type II superlattice Mid Infrared photon detectors. Using M-structure superlattice, novel device architectures have been developed, resulting in significant improvement of the device performances. In this paper, we will compare different photodetector architectures and discuss the optimization scheme which leads to almost one order of magnitude of improvement to the electrical performance. At 150K, single element detectors exhibit a quantum efficiency above 50%, and a specific detectivity of 1.05x10(12) cm.Hz(1/2)/W. BLIP operation with a 300K background and 2π FOV can be reached with an operating temperature up to 180K. High quality focal plane arrays were demonstrated with a noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) of 11mK up to 120K. Human body imaging is achieved at 150K with NEDT of 150mK. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  GaInN/GaN Multi-Quantum Well Laser Diodes Grown by Low-Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
P. Kung, A. Saxler, D. Walker, A. Rybaltowski, X. Zhang, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 3 (1)-- January 1, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the growth, fabrication and characterization of GaInN/GaN multi-quantum well lasers grown on (00·1) sapphire substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The threshold current density of a 1800 µm long cavity length laser was 1.4 kA/cm² with a threshold voltage of 25 V. These lasers exhibited series resistances of 13 and 14 Ω at 300 and 79 K, respectively. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  InAsSbP/InAsSb/InAs Diode Lasers Emitting at 3.2 μm Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
D. Wu, E. Kaas, J. Diaz, B. Lane, A. Rybaltowski, H.J. Yi, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 9 (2)-- February 1, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
InAsSb-InAsSbP double heterostructure diode lasers have been grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on (100) InAs substrates. High-output powers of 660 mW in pulse mode and 300 mW in continuous wave operation with 400-μm cavity length and 100-μm-wide aperture at 78 K have been obtained. These devices showed low threshold current density of 40 A/cm2, low internal loss of 3.0 cm/sup -1/, far-field /spl theta//sub /spl perp// of 34/spl deg/ with differential efficiency of 90% at 78 K, and high operating temperatures of 220 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Two-dimensional magnetophonon resonance in GaInAs-InP and GaInAs-AlInAs heterojunctions and superlattices
J.C. Portal, G. Gregoris a b , M.A. Brummell , R.J. Nicholas, M. Razeghi, M.A. Di Forte-Poisson, K.Y. Cheng, A.Y. Cho
J.C. Portal, G. Gregoris, M.A. Brummell, R.J. Nicholas, M. Razeghi, M.A. Di Forte-Poisson, K.Y. Cheng, A.Y. Cho, Two-dimensional magnetophonon resonance in GaInAs-InP and GaInAs-AlInAs heterojunctions and superlattices, Surface Science, Volume 142, Issues 1–3, 1984, Pages 368-374,-- July 1, 1984 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the observation of magnetophonon resonance in GaInAs-InP heterojunctions and measurements of the temperature dependence of the oscillations. A single series of oscillations due to scattering by the “GaAs-like” mode of GaInAs is seen, in contrast to GaInAs-InP superlattices, where scattering from InP phonons is also observed, and GaInAs-AlInAs heterojunctions, where coupling to “InAs-like” modes only is seen. This behaviour is discussed in terms of long-range phonon interactions and interface phonons. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Future of AlxGa1-xN Materials and Device Technology for Ultraviolet Photodetectors
P. Kung, A. Yasan, R. McClintock, S. Darvish, K. Mi, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 4650, pp. 199-- May 1, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
Design of the photodetector structure is one of the key issues in obtaining high performance devices; especially the thickness of the intrinsic region for p-i-n photodiodes is a crucial value and needs to be optimized. We compare the performance of the p-i-n photodiodes with different widths for the depletion region, which shows a trade-off between speed and responsivity of the devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  High-Average-Power, High-Duty-Cycle (~6 μm) Quantum Cascade Lasers
S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. David, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 81 (23)-- December 2, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
High-power quantum cascade lasers emitting at λ = 6.1  μm are demonstrated. Accurate control of growth parameters and strain balancing results in a near-perfect lattice match, which leads to excellent material quality. Excellent peak power for uncoated lasers, up to 1.5 W per facet for a 21 μm emitter width, is obtained at 300 K for 30 period structures. The threshold current density at 300 K is only 2.4 kA/cm². From 300 to 425 K, the laser exhibits a characteristic temperature T0 of 167 K. Next, Y2O3/Ti/Au mirror coatings were deposited on 1.5 mm cavities and mounted epilayer down. These lasers show an average output power of up to 225 mW at 17% duty cycle, and still show 8 mW average power at 45% duty cycle. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Cavity Length Effects of High-Temperature High-Power Continuous Wave Characteristics in Quantum-Cascade Lasers
J.S. Yu, A. Evans, J. David, L. Doris, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 83 (25)-- December 22, 2003 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the cavity-length dependent high-temperature high-power cw characteristics in λ=6 µm quantum-cascade lasers with a thick electroplated Au top contact layer. For a high-reflectivity (HR) coated 15 µm wide and 3 mm long laser, the cw operation is achieved up to 313 K (40 °C) with an output power of 17 mW. At 298 K, a very high cw output power of 213 mW is obtained for a HR coated 15 µm wide and 4 mm long laser. Thermal resistance is analyzed at temperatures above 283 K for HR coated lasers with different cavities. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Fabrication of GaN nanotubular material using MOCVD with aluminum oxide membrane
W.G. Jung, S.H. Jung, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 6127, pp. 61270K-- January 23, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
GaN nanotubular material is fabricated with aluminum oxide membrane in MOCVD. SEM, XRD, TEM and PL are employed to characterize the fabricated GaN nanotubular material. An aluminum oxide membrane with ordered nano holes is used as template. Gallium nitride is deposited at the inner wall of the nano holes in aluminum oxide template, and the nanotubular material with high aspect ratio is synthesized using the precursors of TMG and ammonia gas. Optimal synthesis condition in MOCVD is obtained successfully for the gallium nitride nanotubular material in this research. The diameter of GaN nanotube fabricated is approximately 200 ~ 250 nm and the wall thickness is about 40 ~ 50 nm. GaN nanotubular material consists of numerous fine GaN particulates with sizes ranging 15 to 30 nm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Core-shell GaN-ZnO Moth-eye Nanostructure Arrays Grown on a-SiO2/Si (111) as a basis for Improved InGaN-based Photovoltaics and LEDs
D.J. Rogers, V.E. Sandana, S. Gautier, T. Moudakir, M. Abid, A. Ougazzaden, F. Hosseini Teherani, P. Bove, M. Molinari, M. Troyon, M. Peres, Manuel J. Soares, A.J. Neves, T. Monteiro, D. McGrouther, J.N. Chapman, H.-J. Drouhin, R. McClintock, M. Razeghi
Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications, Volume 15, Pages 53-58-- March 30, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
Self-forming, vertically-aligned, ZnO moth-eye-like nanoarrays were grown by catalyst-free pulsed laser deposition on a-SiO2/Si (111) substrates. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Cathodoluminescence (CL) studies indicated that nanostructures were highly c-axis oriented wurtzite ZnO with strong near band edge emission. The nanostructures were used as templates for the growth of non-polar GaN by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. XRD, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and CL revealed ZnO encapsulated with GaN, without evidence of ZnO back-etching. XRD showed compressive epitaxial strain in the GaN, which is conducive to stabilization of the higher indium contents required for more efficient green light emitting diode (LED) and photovoltaic (PV) operation. Angular-dependent specular reflection measurements showed a relative reflectance of less than 1% over the wavelength range of 400–720 nm at all angles up to 60°. The superior black-body performance of this moth-eye-like structure would boost LED light extraction and PV anti-reflection performance compared with existing planar or nanowire LED and PV morphologies. The enhancement in core conductivity, provided by the ZnO, would also improve current distribution and increase the effective junction area compared with nanowire devices based solely on GaN. [reprint (PDF)]
 
21.  Quantum Hall liquid-to-insulator transition in In1-xGaxAs/InP heterostructures
W. Pan, D. Shahar, D.C. Tsui, H.P. Wei, and M. Razeghi
Physical Review B 55 (23)-- June 15, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a temperature- and current-scaling study of the quantum Hall liquid-to-insulator transition in an In1-xGaxAs/InP heterostructure. When the magnetic field is at the critical field Bc, ρxx=0.86h/e². Furthermore, the transport near Bc scales as |B- Bc|T-κ with κ=0.45±0.05, and as |B- Bc|I-b with b=0.23±0.05. The latter can be due to phonon emission in a dirty piezoelectric medium, or can be the consequence of critical behavior near Bc, within which z=1.0±0.1 and ν=2.1±0.3 are obtained from our data. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Focal plane arrays based on quantum dot infrared photodetectors
Manijeh Razeghi; Wei Zhang; Ho-Chul Lim; Stanley Tsao; John Szafraniec; Maho Taguchi; Bijan Movaghar
Proc. SPIE 5838, Nanotechnology II, 125 (June 28, 2005);-- June 28, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
Here we report the first demonstrations of infrared focal plane array (FPA) based on GaAs and InP based quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs). QDIPs are extension of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) and are predicted to outperform QWIPs due to their potential advantages including normally incident absorption, higher responsivity and high temperature operation. Two material systems have been studied: InGaAs/InGaP QDIPs on GaAs substrates and InAs QDIP on InP substrates. An InGaAs/InGaP QDIP has been grown on GaAs substrate by LP-MOCVD. Photoresponse was observed at temperatures up to 200 K with a peak wavelength of 4.7 μm and cutoff wavelength of 5.2 μm. A detectivity of 1.2x1011 cm·Hz1/2/W was obtained at T=77 K and bias of -0.9 V, which is the highest for QDIPs grown by MOCVD. An InAs QDIP structure has also been grown on InP substrate by LP-MOCVD. Photoresponse of normal incidence was observed at temperature up to 160K with a peak wavelength of 6.4 μm and cutoff wavelength of 6.6 μm. A detectivity of 1.0x1010 cm·Hz1/2/W was obtained at 77K at biases of -1.1 V, which is the first and highest detectivity reported for QDIP on InP substrate. 256×256 detector arrays were fabricated first time in the world for both the GaAs and InP based QDIPs. Dry etching and indium bump bonding were used to hybridize the arrays to a Litton readout integrated circuit. For the InGaAs/InGaP QDIP FPA, thermal imaging was achieved at temperatures up to 120 K. At T=77K, the noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) was measured as 0.509K with a 300K background and f/2.3 optics. For the InP based QDIPs, thermal imaging was achieved at 77 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Development of material quality and structural design for high performance type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays
M. Razeghi, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, M.Z. Tidrow and V. Nathan
SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 7082, San Diego, CA 2008, p. 708204-- August 11, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
Recent progress made in the structure design, growth and processing of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors lifted both the quantum efficiency and the R0A product of the detectors. Type-II superlattice demonstrated its ability to perform imaging in the Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR)and Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) ranges, becoming a potential competitor for technologies such as Quantum Well Infrared Photo-detectors (QWIP) and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). Using an empirical tight-binding model, we developed superlattices designs that were nearly lattice-matched to the GaSb substrates and presented cutoff wavelengths of 5 and 11 μm. We demonstrated high quality material growth with X-ray FWHM below 30 arcsec and an AFM rms roughness of 1.5 Å over an area of 20x20 μm2. The detectors with a 5 μm cutoff, capable of operating at room temperature, showed a R0A of 1.25 106 Ω.cm2 at 77K, and a quantum efficiency of 32%. In the long wavelength infrared, we demonstrated high quantum efficiencies above 50% with high R0A products of 12 Ω.cm2 by increasing the thickness of the active region. Using the novel M-structure superlattice design, more than one order of magnitude improvement has been observed for electrical performance of the devices. Focal plane arrays in the middle and long infrared range, hybridized to an Indigo read out integrated circuit, exhibited high quality imaging. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Electron-spin resonance of the two-dimensional electron gas in Ga0.47In0.53As-InP heterostructures
M. Dobers, J. P. Vieren,, Y. Guldner P. Bove, F. Omnes, and M. Razeghi
Phys. Rev. B 40, 8075(R) – Published 15 October, 1989-- October 15, 1989 ...[Visit Journal]
The microwave-induced change of the magnetoresistivity of Ga0.47In0.53As-InP heterostructures reveals resonant structure which is attributed to electron-spin resonance of the two-dimensional conduction electrons. With microwave frequencies up to 480 GHz and in magnetic fields up to 12 T, we studied the spin splitting of the two lowest Landau levels in different samples. The spin splitting of these Landau levels is a quadratic function of the magnetic field and its extrapolation to zero magnetic field leads to vanishing spin splitting. The g factors depend on the magnetic field B and the Landau level N as follows: g(B,N)=𝑔0-c(N+1/2)B, where 𝑔0 and c are sample-dependent parameters, which are of the order of 𝑔0≊4.1 and c≊0.08 T−1, in the studied heterostructures. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Effect of sidewall surface recombination on the quantum efficiency in a Y2O3 passivated gated type-II InAs/GaSb long-infrared photodetector array
G. Chen, A. M. Hoang, S. Bogdanov, A. Haddadi, S. R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 223501 (2013)-- November 25, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
Y2O3 was applied to passivate a long-wavelength infrared type-II superlattice gated photodetector array with 50% cut-off wavelength at 11 μm, resulting in a saturated gate bias that was 3 times lower than in a SiO2 passivated array. Besides effectively suppressing surface leakage, gating technique exhibited its ability to enhance the quantum efficiency of 100 × 100 μm size mesa from 51% to 57% by suppressing sidewall surface recombination. At 77 K, the gated photodetector showed dark current density and resistance-area product at −300 mV of 2.5 × 10−5 A/cm² and 1.3 × 104 Ω·cm², respectively, and a specific detectivity of 1.4 × 1012 Jones. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Neutron Activation Analysis of an Iranian Cigarette and its Smoke
Z. Abedinzadeh, M. Razeghi and B. Parsa
Z. Abedinzadeh, M. Razeghi and B. Parsa, Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, VoL 35 [1977) 373-376-- September 1, 1977 ...[Visit Journal]
Non-destructive neutron activation analysis, employing a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector, was applied to determine the concentration of 24 trace elements in the tobacco of the Zarrin cigarette which is commercially made in Iran. These elements are: Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hf, Au, Hg and Th. The smokes from the combustion of this tobacco and of the cigarette paper were also analysed for these elements and the percentage transference values were calculated. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Band-gap narrowing and potential fluctuation in Si-doped GaN
I.H. Lee, J.J. Lee, P. Kung, F.J. Sanchez, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 74 (1)-- January 4, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
We investigate the optical properties of two sets of Si-doped GaN epitaxial layers with different degree of compensation. The electron concentration dependence of the band-gap energy measured by photoluminescence is interpreted as band-gap narrowing effect and evaluated by a simple relation. The photoluminescence peak positions of heavily compensated samples are shifted downward with respect to those of moderately compensated samples, and the down shift becomes larger at higher electron density. Based on analysis of photoluminescence spectra, these prominent behaviors are accounted for by band-edge potential fluctuation associated with inhomogeneous residual impurities. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Background Limited Performance in p-doped GaAs/Ga[0.71]In[0.29]As[0.39]P[0.61] Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors
J. Hoff, S. Kim, M. Erdtmann, R. Williams, J. Piotrowski, E. Bigan, M. Razeghi and G. Brown
Applied Physics Letters 67 (1)-- July 3, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
Background limited infrared photodetection has been achieved up to 100 K at normal incidence with p-type GaAs/Ga0.71In0.29As0.39P0.61 quantum well intersubband photodetectors grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Photoresponse covers the wavelength range from 2.5 μm up to 7 μm. The device shows photovoltaic response, the cutoff wavelength increases slightly with bias, and the responsivity increases nonlinearly with bias. These effects are attributed to an asymmetric quantum well profile. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Single-mode, high-power, midinfrared, quantum cascade laser phased arrays
Wenjia Zhou , Donghai Wu , Quan-Yong Lu, Steven Slivken & Manijeh Razeghi
Scientific Reports 8:14866-- October 5, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate single-mode, 16-channel, optical phased arrays based on quantum cascade laser technology, with emission wavelengths around 4.8 μm. The integrated device consists of a distributed feedback seed section, a highly-efficient tree array multi-mode interferometer power splitter, and a 16-channel amplifier array with a 4° angled facet termination. With a single layer Y2O3 coating, the angled facet reflectivity is estimated to be less than 0.1% for suppressing amplifier self-lasing. A peak output power of 30 W is achieved with an emission spectrum narrower than 11 nm and a side mode suppression ratio over 25 dB. Far field distribution measurement result indicates a uniform phase distribution across the array output. Using the same phased array architecture, we also demonstrate single-mode 3.8 μm QCL amplifier arrays with up to 20 W output power. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Determination of of Band Gap Energy of Al1-xInxN Grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition in the High Al Composition Regime
K.S. Kim, A. Saxler, P. Kung, M. Razeghi, and K.Y. Lim
Applied Physics Letters 71 (6)-- August 11, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
Ternary AlInN was grown by metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition in the high Al composition regime. The band-gap energy of AlInN ternary was measured by optical absorption spectroscopy at room temperature. The band-gap energy of Al0.92In0.08N is 5.26 eV. The potential application of AlInN as a barrier material for GaN is also discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Thermal stability of GaN thin films grown on (0001) Al2O3, (0112) Al2O3 and (0001)Si 6H-SiC substrates
C.J. Sun, P. Kung, A. Saxler, H. Ohsato, E. Bigan, M. Razeghi, and D.K. Gaskill
Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1)-- July 1, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
Single crystals of GaN were grown on (0001), (0112) Al2O3 and (0001)Si 6H‐SiC substrates using an atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical‐vapor‐deposition reactor. The relationship has been studied between the thermal stability of the GaN films and the substrate’s surface polarity. It appeared that the N‐terminated (0001) GaN surface grown on (0001)Si 6H‐SiC has the most stable surface, followed by the nonpolar (1120) GaN surface grown on (0112) Al2O3, while the Ga‐terminated (0001) GaN surface grown on (0001) Al2O3 has the least stable surface. This is explained with the difference in the atomic configuration of each of these surfaces which induces a difference in their thermal decomposition. [reprint (PDF)]
 
20.  Demonstration of a 256x256 Middle-Wavelength Infrared Focal Plane Array based on InGaAs/InGaP Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors (QDIPs)
J. Jiang, K. Mi, S. Tsao, W. Zhang, H. Lim, T.O'Sullivan, T. Sills, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 9 (13)-- April 5, 2004 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 

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