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23.  Low-threshold and high power (~9.0 μm) quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature
A. Matlis, S. Slivken, A. Tahraoui, K.J. Luo, J. Diaz, Z. Wu, A. Rybaltowski, C. Jelen, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 77 (12)-- September 18, 2000 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a low threshold current density and high power for λ ∼ 9 μm AlInAs/GaInAs quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature. The threshold current density is 1.95 kA/cm² at 300 K and 0.61 kA/cm² at 80 K for 5 μs pulses at 200 Hz repetition rate. The peak output power is 700 mW at room temperature and 1.3 W at 80 K per two facets for cavity length is 3 mm with a stripe width of 20 μm. The characteristic temperature T0 is 185 °C. The slope efficiency is 450 and 800 mW/A at 300 and 80 K, respectively. In continuous wave operation, the output power is more than 150 mW at 80 K and 25 mW at 140 K. This high performance was achieved by improving the material growth and processing technology. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Influence of Residual Impurity Background on the Non-radiative Recombination Processes in High Purity InAs/GaSb superlattice Photodiodes
E.C.F. da Silva, D. Hoffman, A. Hood, B. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 89 (24)-- December 11, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The influence of the impurity background on the recombination processes in type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a cutoff wavelength of approximately 4.8 μm was investigated by electroluminescence measurements. Using an iterative fitting procedure based on the dependence of the quantum efficiency of the electroluminescence on the injection current, the Auger and Shockley-Read-Hall lifetimes were determined [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  Modeling Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattices Using Empirical Tight-Binding Method: New Aspects
Y. Wei, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5359, pp. 301-- January 25, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
The recent advances in the experimental work on the Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices necessitate a modeling that can handle arbitrary layer thickness as well as different types of interfaces in order to guide the superlattice design. The empirical tight-binding method (ETBM) is a very good candidate since it builds up the Hamiltonian atom by atom. There has been a lot of research work on the modeling of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices using the ETBM. However, different groups generate very different accuracy comparing with experimental results. We have recently identified two major aspects in the modeling: the antimony segregation and the interface effects. These two aspects turned out to be of crucial importance governing the superlattice properties, especially the bandgap. We build the superlattice Hamiltonian using antimony segregated atomic profile taking into account the interface. Our calculations agree with our experimental results within growth uncertainties. In addition we introduced the concept of GaxIn1-x type interface engineering, which will add another design freedom especially in the mid-wavelength infrared range (3~7 µm) in orderto reduce the lattice mismatch. [reprint (PDF)]
 
23.  High power, continuous wave, room temperature operation of λ ~ 3.4 μm and λ ~ 3.55 μm InP-based quantum cascade lasers
N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 100, No. 21, p. 212104-1-- May 21, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We report two highly strain-balanced InP-based AlInAs/GaInAs quantum cascade lasers emitting near 3.39 and 3.56 . A pulsed threshold current density of only 1.1 kA/cm² has been achieved at room temperature for both lasers with characteristic temperatures (T0) of 166  K and 152  K, respectively. The slope efficiency is also relatively temperature insensitive with characteristic temperatures (T1) of 116 K and 191  K, respectively. Continuous wave powers of 504 mW and 576 mW are obtained at room temperature, respectively. This was accomplished without buried ridge processing. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  High-performance bias-selectable dual-band mid-/long-wavelength infrared photodetectors and focal plane arrays based on InAs/GaSb Type-II superlattices
M. Razeghi; A. Haddadi; A.M. Hoang; G. Chen; S. Ramezani-Darvish; P. Bijjam
Proc. SPIE 8704, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIX, 87040S (June 11, 2013)-- June 11, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a bias selectable dual-band mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) co-located detector with 3 μm active region thickness per channel that is highly selective and can perform under high operating temperatures for the MWIR band. Under back-side illumination, a temperature evolution study of the MWIR detector's electro-optical performance found the 300 K background-limit with 2π field-of-view to be achieved below operating temperatures of 160 K, at which the temperature's 50% cutoff wavelength was 5.2 μm. The measured current reached the system limit of 0.1 pA at 110 K for 30 μm pixel-sized diodes. At 77 K, where the LWIR channel operated with a 50% cutoff wavelength at 11.2 μm, an LWIR selectivity of ∼17% was achieved in the MWIR wave band between 3 and 4.7 μm, making the detector highly selective. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Semiconductor ultraviolet detectors
M. Razeghi and A. Rogalski
Journal of Applied Physics Applied Physics Review 79 (10)-- May 15, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
In this review article a comprehensive analysis of the developments in ultraviolet (UV) detector technology is described. At the beginning, the classification of UV detectors and general requirements imposed on these detectors are presented. Further considerations are restricted to modern semiconductor UV detectors, so the basic theory of photoconductive and photovoltaic detectors is presented in a uniform way convenient for various detector materials. Next, the current state of the art of different types of semiconductor UV detectors is presented. Hitherto, the semiconductor UV detectors have been mainly fabricated using Si. Industries such as the aerospace, automotive, petroleum, and others have continuously provided the impetus pushing the development of fringe technologies which are tolerant of increasingly high temperatures and hostile environments. As a result, the main efforts are currently directed to a new generation of UV detectors fabricated from wide band-gap semiconductors the most promising of which are diamond and AlGaN. The latest progress in development of AlGaN UV detectors is finally described in detail. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  ZnO 3D flower-like nanostructure synthesized on GaN epitaxial layer by simple route hydrothermal process
J.M. Jung, C.R. Kim, H. Ryu, M. Razeghi and W.G. Jung
Journal of Alloys and Compounds-- September 15, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
The 3D type, flower-like ZnO nanostructures from particle to flower-like or chestnut bur are fabricated on the GaN epitaxial layer substrate through the simple-route hydrothermal process. Structural characterization was made for the ZnO 3D nanostructures synthesized in different pH ranging from 9.5 to 11.0. The growth model was proposed and discussed regarding the fabrication mechanism and morphology of ZnO 3D flower-like nanostructure. The flower-like ZnO is composed of many thin single crystals ZnO nanorods. Bigger and thicker ZnO structure is fabricated with the increase of pH in solution. The enhanced UV emission in the PL measurement and the spectra in the Raman spectroscopy for ZnO–GaN heterojunction material were discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Substrate emission quantum cascade ring lasers with room temperature continuous wave operation
Y. Bai, S. Tsao, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Q.Y. Lu, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 8268, p. 82680N-- January 22, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate room temperature, continuous wave operation of quantum cascade ring lasers around 5 μm with single mode operation up to 0.51 W output power. Single mode operation persists up to 0.4 W. Light is coupled out of the ring cavity through the substrate with a second order distributed feedback grating. The substrate emission scheme allows for epilayer-down bonding, which leads to room temperature continuous wave operation. The far field analysis indicates that the device operates in a high order mode. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Study of Phase Transition in MOCVD Grown Ga2O3 from κ to β Phase by Ex Situ and In Situ Annealing
Junhee Lee, Honghyuk Kim, Lakshay Gautam, Kun He, Xiaobing Hu, Vinayak P. Dravid and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics 2021, 8, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ photonics8010017 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the post-growth thermal annealing and the subsequent phase transition of Ga2O3 grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). We demonstrated the post-growth thermal annealing at temperatures higher than 900 °C under N2 ambience, by either in situ or ex situ thermal annealing, can induce phase transition from nominally metastable κ- to thermodynamically stable β-phase. This was analyzed by structural characterizations such as high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The highly resistive as-grown Ga2O3 epitaxial layer becomes conductive after annealing at 1000 °C. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in situ annealing can lead to a crack-free β-Ga2O3. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Resonant cavity enhanced heterojunction phototransistors based on type-II superlattices
Jiakai Li, Arash Dehzangi, Donghai Wu, Ryan McClintock, Manijeh Razeghi
Infrared Physics & Technology Available online 27 October 2020, 103552 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103552-- October 27, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
Resonant cavity enhanced heterojunction phototransistor based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been demonstrated. The resonant wavelength was designed to be at near 1.9 μm wavelength range at room temperature. An eleven-pair lattice matched GaSb-AlAsSb quarter-wavelength Bragg reflector was used in the RCE-HPT to enhance the photoresponse. The device showed the wavelength selectivity and a cavity enhancement of the responsivity at 1.9 μm at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Ammonium Sulfide Passivation of Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodiodes
A. Gin, Y. Wei, A. Hood, A. Bajowala, V. Yazdanpanah, M. Razeghi and M.Z. Tidrow
Applied Physics Letters, 84 (12)-- March 22, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the surface passivation of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors using various ammonium sulfide solutions. Compared to unpassivated detectors, zero-bias resistance of treated 400 µm×400 µm devices with 8 µm cutoff wavelength was improved by over an order of magnitude to ~20 kΩ at 80 K. Reverse-bias dark current density was reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude to less than 10 mA/cm2 at –2 V. Dark current modeling, which takes into account trap-assisted tunneling, indicates greater than 70 times reduction in bulk trap density for passivated detectors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  High performance InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot infrared photodetector achieved through doping level optimization
S. Tsao, K. Mi, J. Szafraniec, W. Zhang, H. Lim, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5732, pp. 334-- January 22, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report an InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs quantum dot infrared photodetector grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with detectivity of 1.3x1011 cm·Hz½/W at 77K and 1.2x1010 ccm·Hz½/W at 120K. Modeling of the Quantum dot energy levels showed us that increased photoresponse could be obtained by doping the quantum dots to 4 electrons per dot instead of the usual 2 electrons per dot. This happens because the primary photocurrent transition is from the first excited state to a higher excited state. Increasing the quantum doping in our device yielded significant responsivity improvement and much higher detectivity as a result. This paper discusses the performance of this higher doping device and compares it to our previously reported device with lower doping. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Monolithic, steerable, mid-infrared laser realized with no moving parts
Slivken S, Wu D, Razeghi M
Scientific Reports 7, 8472 -- May 24, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
The mid-infrared (2.5 < λ < 25 μm) spectral region is utilized for many purposes, such as chemical/biological sensing, free space communications, and illuminators/countermeasures. Compared to near-infrared optical systems, however, mid-infrared component technology is still rather crude, with isolated components exhibiting limited functionality. In this manuscript, we make a significant leap forward in mid-infrared technology by developing a platform which can combine functions of multiple mid-infrared optical elements, including an integrated light source. In a single device, we demonstrate wide wavelength tuning (240 nm) and beam steering (17.9 degrees) in the mid-infrared with a significantly reduced beam divergence (down to 0.5 degrees). The architecture is also set up to be manufacturable and testable on a wafer scale, requiring no cleaved facets or special mirror coating to function. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Comparison of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with peak emission at 340 nm grown on GaN substrate and sapphire
A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, S.R. Darvish, H. Zhang, P. Kung, M. Razeghi, S.K. Lee and J.Y. Han
Applied Physics Letters, 81 (12)-- September 16, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
Based on AlInGaN/AlInGaN multiquantum wells, we compare properties of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LED) with peak emission at 340 nm grown on free-standing hydride vapor phase epitaxially grown GaN substrate and on sapphire. For the LED grown on GaN substrate, a differential resistance as low as 13 Ω and an output power of more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the same structure grown on sapphire are achieved. Due to higher thermal conductivity of GaN, output power of the LEDs saturates at higher injection currents compared to the devices grown on sapphire. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  1-5 jim ROOM-TEMPERATURE PULSED OPERATION OF GalnAsP/lnP DOUBLE HETEROSTRUCTURE GROWN BY LP MOCVD
Manijeh Razeghi, P. Hirtz, J.P. Larivain, R. Blondeau, B. de Crémoux, J.P. Duchemin,
ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 17, no.18-- September 3, 1981 ...[Visit Journal]
The letter reports the first successful room-temperature pulsed operation of a broad-area contact laser of GaInAsP/InP double heterostructure, grown by LP MOCVD, emitting at 1.5 μm. Pulsed thresholds as low as 2.5 kA/cm2 have been obtained for 1.5 μm, for an active layer thickness of 0.48 μm. This is equal to a current density per micrometre of 5.2 kA cm−2 μm−1. InxGa1−xAsyP1−y, III, III, V, V alloys are of great interest for use in infra-red devices. They can be grown lattice matched on InP over a wide range of compositions. The resulting bandgap (1.35–0.75 eV) covers a spectral range which contains the region of lowest losses and lowest dispersion in modern optical fibres. This property makes In1−xGaxASyP1−y, very attractive as a semiconductor laser and detector material for future fibre communication systems. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  High power InAsSb/InPAsSb/InAs mid-infrared lasers
A. Rybaltowski, Y. Xiao, D. Wu, B. Lane, H. Yi, H. Feng, J. Diaz, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 71 (17)-- October 27, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate high-power InAsSb/InPAsSb laser bars (λ ≈ 3.2 μm) consisting of three 100 μm-wide laser stripes of 700 μm cavity length, with peak output power up to 3 W at 90 K, and far-fields for the direction perpendicular to the junction as narrow as 12° full width half maximum. Spectra and far-field patterns of the laser bars are shown to have excellent characteristics for a wide range of operating conditions, suggesting the possibility of even higher light power emission with good beam quality. Joule heating is shown to be the major factor limiting higher power operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  First GaInAsP‐InP double‐heterostructure laser emitting at 1.27 μm on a silicon substrate
M. Razeghi; M. Defour; F. Omnes; Ph. Maurel; J. Chazelas; F. Brillouet
Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 725–727 (1988)-- June 21, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the first successful room-temperature GalnAsP-InP double-heterostructure laser emitting at 1.27 pm, grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a Si substrate. A pulsed threshold current density of 10 kAlcm2 at room temperature with an external quantum efficiency of 10% per facet and an output power of20 mW (for an oxidedefined stripe geometry with 12 pm stripe width and 250 pm cavity length) has been measured. The first aging test in pulse operation shows an increase of threshold current of only 7% for a cumulative time of 80 s at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  InSb Infrared Photodetectors on Si Substrates Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
E. Michel, J. Xu, J.D. Kim, I. Ferguson, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 8 (5) pp. 673-- May 1, 1996 ...[Visit Journal]
The InSb infrared photodetectors grown heteroepitaxially on Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are reported. Excellent InSb material quality is obtained on 3-in Si substrates (with a GaAs predeposition) as confirmed by structural, optical, and electrical analysis. InSb infrared photodetectors on Si substrates that can operate from 77 K to room temperature have been demonstrated. The peak voltage-responsitivity at 4 μm is about 1.0×103 V/W and the corresponding Johnson-noise-limited detectivity is calculated to be 2.8×1010 cm·Hz½/W. This is the first important stage in developing InSb detector arrays or monolithic focal plane arrays (FPAs) on silicon. The development of this technology could provide a challenge to traditional hybrid FPA's in the future. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  High Quality Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattices with Cutoff Wavelength ~3.7 µm Using Interface Engineering
Y. Wei, J. Bae, A. Gin, A. Hood, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M. Tidrow
Journal of Applied Physics, 94 (7)-- October 1, 2003 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the most recent advance in the area of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices that have cutoff wavelength of ~3.7 µm. With GaxIn1–x type interface engineering techniques, the mismatch between the superlattices and the GaSb (001) substrate has been reduced to <0.1%. There is no evidence of dislocations using the best examination tools of x-ray, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The full width half maximum of the photoluminescence peak at 11 K was ~4.5 meV using an Ar+ ion laser (514 nm) at fluent power of 140 mW. The integrated photoluminescence intensity was linearly dependent on the fluent laser power from 2.2 to 140 mW at 11 K. The temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurement revealed a characteristic temperature of one T1 = 245 K at sample temperatures below 160 K with fluent power of 70 mW, and T1 = 203 K for sample temperatures above 180 K with fluent power of 70 and 420 mW. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  High efficiency quantum cascade laser frequency comb
Quanyong Lu, Donghai Wu, Steven Slivken & Manijeh Razeghi
Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 43806-- March 6, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
An efficient mid-infrared frequency comb source is of great interest to high speed, high resolution spectroscopy and metrology. Here we demonstrate a mid-IR quantum cascade laser frequency comb with a high power output and narrow beatnote linewidth at room temperature. The active region was designed with a strong-coupling between the injector and the upper lasing level for high internal quantum efficiency and a broadband gain. The group velocity dispersion was engineered for efficient, broadband mode-locking via four wave mixing. The comb device exhibits a narrow intermode beatnote linewidth of 50.5 Hz and a maximum wall-plug efficiency of 6.5% covering a spectral coverage of 110 cm−1 at λ ~ 8 μm. The efficiency is improved by a factor of 6 compared with previous demonstrations. The high power efficiency and narrow beatnote linewidth will greatly expand the applications of quantum cascade laser frequency combs including high-precision remote sensing and spectroscopy. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Demonstration of negative differential resistance in GaN/AlN resonant tunneling didoes at room temperature
Z. Vashaei, C. Bayram and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 107, No. 8, p. 083505-- April 15, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and negative differential resistance with peak-to-valley ratios as high as 2.15 at room temperature was demonstrated. Effect of material quality on RTDs’ performance was investigated by growing RTD structures on AlN, GaN, and lateral epitaxial overgrowth GaN templates. Our results reveal that negative differential resistance characteristics of RTDs are very sensitive to material quality (such as surface roughness) and MOCVD is a suitable technique for III-nitride-based quantum devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Room temperature single-mode terahertz sources based on intracavity difference-frequency generation in quantum cascade lasers
Q.Y. Lu, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, Y. Bai and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 99, Issue 13, p. 131106-1-- September 26, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate room temperature single-mode THz emission at 4 THz based on intracavity difference-frequency generation from mid-infrared dual-wavelength quantum cascade lasers. An integrated dual-period distributed feedback grating is defined on the cap layer to purify both mid-infrared pumping wavelengths and in turn the THz spectra. Single mode operation of the pumping wavelengths results in a single-mode THz operation with a narrow linewidth of 6.6 GHz. A maximum THz power of 8.5 μW with a power conversion efficiency of 10 μW/W² is obtained at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Type-II ‘M’ Structure Photodiodes: An Alternative Material Design for Mid-Wave to Long Wavelength Infrared Regimes
B-M. Nguyen, M. Razeghi, V. Nathan, and G.J. Brown
SPIE Conference, January 25-29, 2007, San Jose, CA Proceedings – Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IV, Vol. 6479, p. 64790S-1-10-- January 29, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
In this work, an AlSb-containing Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice, the so-called M-structure, is presented as a candidate for mid and long wavelength infrared detection devices. The effect of inserting an AlSb barrier in the GaSb layer is discussed and predicts many promising properties relevant to practical use. A good agreement between the theoretical calculation based on Empirical Tight Binding Method framework and experimental results is observed, showing the feasibility of the structure and its properties. A band gap engineering method without material stress constraint is proposed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  AlxGa1-xN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) Ultraviolet Photodetectors Grown on Sapphire by Metal-organic Chemical-vapor Deposition
D. Walker, X. Zhang, A. Saxler, P. Kung, J. Xu, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 70 (8)-- February 24, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
AlxGa1–xN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) ultraviolet photoconductors with cutoff wavelengths from 365 to 200 nm have been fabricated and characterized. The maximum detectivity reached 5.5 × 108 cm·Hz1/2/W at a modulating frequency of 14 Hz. The effective majority carrier lifetime in AlxGa1–xN materials, derived from frequency-dependent photoconductivity measurements, has been estimated to be from 6 to 35 ms. The frequency-dependent noise spectrum shows that it is dominated by Johnson noise at high frequencies for low-Al-composition samples. [reprint (PDF)]
 
22.  Nickel oxide growth on Si (111), c-Al2O3 and FTO/glass by pulsed laser deposition
V. E. Sandana ; D. J. Rogers ; F. Hosseini Teherani ; P. Bove ; R. McClintock ; M. Razeghi
03/07/2014-- March 7, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
NiO was grown on Si (111), c-Al2O3 and FTO/glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed that layers grown on c-Al2O3 were fcc NiO with a dense morphology of cubic grains that were strongly (111) oriented along the growth direction. The relatively low ω rocking curve linewidth, of 0.12°suggests that there may have been epitaxial growth on the c-Al2O3 substrate. XRD and SEM indicated that films grown on Si (111) were also fcc NiO, with cubic grains, but that the grain orientation was random. This is consistent with the presence of an amorphous SiO2 layer at the surface of the Si substrate, which precluded epitaxial growth. NiO grown at lower temperature (200°C) on temperature-sensitive FTO/glass substrates showed no evidence of crystallinity in XRD and SEM studies. After flash annealing in air, however, peaks characteristic of randomly oriented fcc NiO appeared in the XRD scans and the surface morphology became more granular in appearance. Such layers appear promising for the development of future dye-sensitised solar cell devices based on NiO grown by PLD. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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