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13.  Quantum-Cascade Lasers Operating in Continuous-Wave Mode Above 90°C at λ ~5.25 µm
A. Evans, J. Nguyen, S. Slivken, J.S. Yu, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 88 (5)-- January 30, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the design and fabrication of λ~5.25 μm quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) for very high temperature continuous-wave (CW) operation. CW operation is reported up to a maximum temperature of 90 °C (363 K). CW output power is reported in excess of 500 mW near room temperature with a low threshold current density. A finite element thermal model is used to investigate the Gth and maximum CW operating temperature of the QCLs. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Effects of well width and growth temperature on optical and structural characteristics of AlN/GaN superlattices grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
C. Bayram, N. Pere-Laperne, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 20, p. 201906-1-- November 16, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
AlN/GaN superlattices (SLs) employing various well widths (from 1.5 to 7.0 nm) are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition technique at various growth temperatures (Ts) (from 900 to 1035 °C). The photoluminescence (PL), x-ray diffraction, and intersubband (ISB) absorption characteristics of these SLs and their dependency on well width and growth temperature are investigated. Superlattices with thinner wells (grown at the same Ts) or grown at lower Ts (employing the same well width) are shown to demonstrate higher strain effects leading to a higher PL energy and ISB absorption energy. Simulations are employed to explain the experimental observations. ISB absorptions from 1.04 to 2.15 µm are demonstrated via controlling well width and growth temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Hybrid green LEDs with n-type ZnO substituted for N-type GaN in an inverted P-N junction
F. Hosseini Teherani; M. Razeghi; D.J. Rogers; Can Bayram; R. McClintock
LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings, LEOS '09. IEEE, [5343231] (2009) -- October 4, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Recently, the GaN and ZnO materials systems have attracted considerable attention because of their use in a broad range of emerging applications including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells. GaN and ZnO are similar materials with direct wide bandgaps, wurtzite crystal structure, high thermal stability and comparable thermal expansion coefficients, which makes them well suited for heterojunction fabrication. Two important advantages of GaN over ZnO are the reliable p-type doping and the mature know-how for bandgap engineering. Thus GaN-based LEDs can be made to emit from the deep UV right into the green through alloying with Al and In, respectively. The performance is not identical at all wavelengths, however, and the performance of InGaN-based green LEDs is still relatively poor. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Scale-up of the Chemical Lift-off of (In)GaN-based p-i-n Junctions from Sapphire Substrates Using Sacrificial ZnO Template Layers
D. J. Rogers, S. Sundaram, Y. El Gmili, F. Hosseini Teherani, P. Bove, V. Sandana, P. L. Voss, A. Ougazzaden, A. Rajan, K.A. Prior, R. McClintock, & M. Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 9364, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VI, 936424 -- March 24, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
(In)GaN p-i-n structures were grown by MOVPE on both GaN- and ZnO-coated c-sapphire substrates. XRD studies of the as-grown layers revealed that a strongly c-axis oriented wurtzite crystal structure was obtained on both templates and that there was a slight compressive strain in the ZnO underlayer which increased after GaN overgrowth. The InGaN peak position gave an estimate of 13.6at% for the indium content in the active layer. SEM and AFM revealed that the top surface morphologies were similar for both substrates, with an RMS roughness (5 μm x 5 μm) of about 10 nm. Granularity appeared slightly coarser (40nm for the device grown on ZnO vs 30nm for the device grown on the GaN template) however. CL revealed a weaker GaN near band edge UV emission peak and a stronger broad defect-related visible emission band for the structure grown on the GaN template. Only a strong ZnO NBE UV emission was observed for the sample grown on the ZnO template. Quarter-wafer chemical lift-off (CLO) of the InGaN-based p-i-n structures from the sapphire substrate was achieved by temporary-bonding the GaN surface to rigid glass support with wax and then selectively dissolving the ZnO in 0.1M HCl. XRD studies revealed that the epitaxial nature and strong preferential c-axis orientation of the layers had been maintained after lift-off. This demonstration of CLO scale-up, without compromising the crystallographic integrity of the (In)GaN p-i-n structure opens up the perspective of transferring GaN based devices off of sapphire substrates industrially. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Growth and characterization of InSbBi for long wavelength infrared photodetectors
J.J. Lee, J.D. Kim, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 70 (24)-- June 16, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
The epitaxial growth of InSbBi ternary alloys by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is reported on. X-ray diffraction spectra showed well resolved peaks of InSbBi and InSb films. Bi incorporation was confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Photoresponse spectrum up to 9.3 μm which corresponds to 0.13 eV energy band gap has been measured in a sample with Bi composition of 5.8 at.% at 77 K. Electron mobility at room temperature ranges from 44 100 to 4910 cm²/V·s as Bi composition increases. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  First room‐temperature cw operation of a GaInAsP/InP light‐emitting diode on a silicon substrate
M. Razeghi; R. Blondeau; M. Defour; F. Omnes; P. Maurel; F. Brillouet
Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 854–855 (1988)-- July 4, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
We report in this letter the first successful fabrication of an InP-GalnAsP light-emitting diode, emitting at 1.15 pm grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a silicon substrate. The device has been operated under continuous wave operation at room temperature for 24 h (with an injection current of 200 rnA), and showed no degradation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  High Power 3-12 μm Infrared Lasers: Recent Improvements and Future Trends
M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, A. Tahraoui, A. Matlis, and Y.S. Park
Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 11 (2-3)-- October 1, 2001 ...[Visit Journal]
In this paper, we discuss the progress of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Room temperature QCL operation has been reported for lasers emitting between 5-11 μm, with 9-11 μm lasers operating up to 425 K. Laser technology for the 3-5 μm range takes advantage of a strain-balanced active layer design. We also demonstrate record room temperature peak output powers at 9 and 11 μm (2.5 and 1 W, respectively) as well as record low 80K threshold current densities (250 A/cm²) for some laser designs. Preliminary distributed feedback (DFB) results are also presented and exhibit single mode operation for 9 μm lasers at room temperature. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Advances in UV sensitive visible blind GaN-based APDs
M. Ulmer, R. McClintock and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-27, 2011), Vol. 7945, p. 79451G-- January 23, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
In this paper, we describe our current state-of-the-art process of making visible-blind APDs based on GaN. We have grown our material on both conventional sapphire and low dislocation density free-standing c- and m-plane GaN substrates. Leakage current, gain, and single photon detection efficiency (SPDE) of these APDs are compared. The spectral response and Geiger-mode photon counting performance of UV APDs are studied under low photon fluxes. Single photon detection capabilities with over 30% are demonstrated. We show how with pulse height discrimination the Geiger-mode operation conditions can be optimized for enhanced SPDE versus dark counts. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Responsivity and Noise Performance of InGaAs/InP Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors
C. Jelen, S. Slivken, T. David, G. Brown, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, -- January 28, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
Dark current nose measurements were carried out between 10 and 104 Hz at T = 80K on two InGaAs/InP quantum well IR photo detectors (QWIPs) designed for 8 μm IR detection. Using the measured noise data, we have calculated the thermal generation rate, bias-dependent gain, electron trapping probability, and electron diffusion length. The calculated thermal generation rate is similar to AlGaAs/GaAs QWIPs with similar peak wavelengths, but the gain is 50X larger, indicating improved transport and carrier lifetime are obtained in the binary InP barriers. As a result, a large responsivity of 7.5 A/W at 5V bias and detectivity of 5 X 1011 cm·Hz½/W at 1.2 V bias were measured for the InGaAs/InP QWIPs at T = 80K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Growth of Ga0.47In0.53As‐InP quantum wells by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
M. Razeghi; J. P. Hirtz; U. O. Ziemelis; C. Delalande; B. Etienne; M. Voos
Appl. Phys. Lett. 43, 585–587 (1983)-- September 15, 1983 ...[Visit Journal]
We describe the growth of multiquantum well and single quantum well Ga0 ,47 InOS3 As-InP structures by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The multi well structure consists of 2S-, SO-, 100-, and 200-A quantum wells (Ga0 ,47 InOS3 As layers) separated by SOO-A barriers (InP layers). Auger measurements indicate the presence offour distinct wells with abrupt boundaries. Photoluminescence measurements are consistent with the existence of four wells; however, deviations are noted between experimentally determined and theoretically predicted recombination energies. An analogous situation exists for the single (SO and 100 A) quantum well structures. Possible explanations, including variation of well composition, variation of well thickness, and participation of impurities in the recombination process are suggested. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Noise analysis in type-II InAs/GaSb focal plane arrays
P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 6, p. 063110-- September 15, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference in the array was measured as low as 23 mK for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The noise behavior of the detectors was properly described by a model based on thermal, shot, read out integrated circuit, and photon noises. The noise of the imager was dominated by photon noise for photon fluxes higher than 1.8×1015 ph·s−1·cm−2. At lower irradiance, the imager was limited by the shot noise generated by the dark current or the noise of the testing system. The superlattice detector did not create 1/f noise for frequencies above 4 mHz. As a result, the focal plane array did not require frequent calibrations. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  GaInAsP/InP 1.35 μm Double Heterostructure Laser Grown on Silicon Substrate by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
K. Mobarhan, C. Jelen, E. Kolev, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1)-- July 1, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
A 1.35 μm GaInAsP/InP double heterostructure laser has been grown on a Si substrate using low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This was done without the use of a superlattice layer or a very thick InP buffer layer, which are used to prevent the dislocations from spreading into the active layer. Pulsed operation with output power of over 200 mW per facet was achieved at room temperature for broad area lasers with 20 μm width and 170 μm cavity length. The threshold current density of a 350 μm cavity length device was 9.8 kA/cm². The characteristic temperature was 66 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  High quality LEO growth and characterization of GaN films on Al2O3 and Si substrates
M. Razeghi, P. Kung, D. Walker, M. Hamilton, and J. Diaz
SPIE International Conference on Solid State Crystals, Zakopane, Poland; Proceedings 3725-- October 12, 1998 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) of GaN films on (00.1) Al2O3 and (111) Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The LEO on Si substrates was possible after achieving quasi monocrystalline GaN template films on (111) Si substrates. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to assess the quality of the LEO films. Lateral growth rates more than 5 times as high as vertical growth rates were achieved for both LEO growths of GaN on sapphire and silicon substrates. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  High‐quality GaAs/Ga0.49In0.51P superlattices grown on GaAs and silicon substrates by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition Available
M. Razeghi; Ph. Maurel; F. Omnes; M. Defour; C. Boothroyd; W. M. Stobbs; M. Kelly
J. Appl. Phys. 63, 4511–4514 (1988) -- May 1, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the successful growth of Ga0.49 Iuo.5 ! P-GaAs superlattices on GaAs and Si substrates by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The high quality of the structure grown on GaAs and silicon substrates has been evidenced by transmission electron microscopy photographs, that show very sharp interfaces between GaAs wells and Gao.49InO.51 P barriers, with perfect control of thicknesses and compositions. Classical Hall measurements performed on the sample further demonstrated the presence of a twodimensional electron ga.<; with a mobility at T = 4 K , fL (4 K) = 50000 cm2 1V Is, and a carrier concentration n _ (4 K) = 2,9 X 1011 em -2. GaAs/Gao.49 InO. 51 P superlattices have been used, as well as buffer layer in order to grow GaAs on silicon substrates. Mirrorlike single-crystal GaAs has thus been obtained. A GaInP IGaAs heterostructure with electron HaH mobility as high as 6000 cm2 /V Is at 300 K and 80000 cm2 /V Is at 4 K has been grown, which is the highest mobility that has yet been reported for these materials, [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  High power photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting at 4.5 micron
B. Gokden, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-28, 2010), Vol. 7608, p. 760806-1-- January 22, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
Quantum cascade lasers possess very small linewidth enhancement factor, which makes them very prominent candidates for realization of high power, nearly diffraction limited and single mode photonic crystal distributed feedback broad area lasers in the mid-infrared frequencies. In this paper, we present room temperature operation of a two dimensional photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade laser emitting at 4.5 µm. peak power up to ~0.9 W per facet is obtained from a 2 mm long laser with 100 µm cavity width at room temperature. The observed spectrum is single mode with a very narrow linewidth. Far-field profile has nearly diffraction limited single lobe with full width at half maximum of 3.5 degree normal to the facet. The mode selection and power output relationships are experimentally established with respect to different cavity lengths for photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Schottky barrier heights and conduction-band offsets of In1-xGaxAs1-yPy lattice matched to GaAs
J.K. Lee, Y.H. Cho, B.D. Choe, K.S. Kim, H.I. Jeon, H. Lim and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 71 (7)-- August 18, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
The Schottky barrier heights of Au/In1−xGaxAs1−yPy contacts have been determined as a function of y by the capacitance–voltage and temperature dependent current–voltage characteristics measurements. The barrier height is observed to increase as y is increased for both n- and p-type materials, with a more rapid increase for the p-type material. The compositional variation of the barrier heights for Au/n-In1−xGaxAs1−yPy is found to be identical to that of the conduction-band offsets in In1−xGaxAs1−yPy/GaAs heterojunctions. A possible cause of this phenomenon is also discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Room-temperature, high-power and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ~ 9.6 µm
S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J.S. Yu, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 88 (20)-- May 15, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
High-power continuous-wave (cw) operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers is reported. Continuous-wave output powers of 100 mW at 25 °C and 20 mW at 50 °C are obtained. The device exhibits a cw threshold current density of 1.34 kA/cm2, a maximum cw wall-plug efficiency of 1% at 25 °C, and a characteristic temperature of ~190 K in pulsed mode. Single-mode emission near 9.6 μm with a side-mode suppression ratio of ≥ 30 dB and a tuning range of 2.89 cm–1 from 15 to 50 °C is obtained. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Room temperature continuous wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with watt-level optical power
Y. Bai, S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. Nguyen and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, No. 10, p. 101105-1-- March 10, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate quantum cascade lasers at an emitting wavelength of 4.6 µm, which are capable of room temperature, high power continuous wave (cw) operation. Buried ridge geometry with a width of 9.8 µm was utilized. A device with a 3 mm cavity length that was epilayer-down bonded on a diamond submount exhibited a maximum output power of 1.3 W at room temperature in cw operation. The maximum output power at 80 K was measured to be 4 W, with a wall plug efficiency of 27%. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Growth of In1-xTlxSb, a New Infrared Material, by Low-Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Y.H. Choi, R. Sudharsanan, C, Besikci, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 63 (3)-- July 19, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the growth of In1-xTlxSb, a new III-V alloy for long-wavelength infrared detector applications, by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. In1-xTlxSb with good surface morphology was obtained on both GaAs and InSb substrates at a growth temperature of 455 °C. X-ray diffraction measurements showed resolved peaks of In1-xTlxSb and InSb films. Infrared absorption spectrum of In1-xTlxSb showed a shift toward lower energies compared to InSb spectrum. Hall mobility data on In1-xTlxSb/InSb/GaAs structure showed enhanced mobility at low temperatures compared to InSb/GaAs structure. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Strain-Induced Metastable Phase Stabilization in Ga2O3 Thin Films
Yaobin Xu, Ji-hyeon Park, Zhenpeng Yao, Christopher Wolverton, Manijeh Razeghi, Jinsong Wu, and Vinayak P. Dravid
Acs Appl Mater Inter 11 (5), 5536 (2019)-- January 10, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
It is well known that metastable and transient structures in bulk can be stabilized in thin films via epitaxial strain (heteroepitaxy) and appropriate growth conditions that are often far from equilibrium. However, the mechanism of heteroepitaxy, particularly how the nominally unstable or metastable phase gets stabilized, remains largely unclear. This is especially intriguing for thin film Ga2O3, where multiple crystal phases may exist under varied growth conditions with spatial and dimensional constraints. Herein, the development and distribution of epitaxial strain at the Ga2O3/Al2O3 film-substrate interfaces is revealed down to the atomic resolution along different orientations, with an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Just a few layers of metastable α-Ga2O3 structure were found to accommodate the misfit strain in direct contact with the substrate. Following an epitaxial α-Ga2O3 structure of about couple unit cells, several layers (4~5) of transient phase appear as the intermediate structure to release the misfit strain. Subsequent to this transient crystal phase, the nominally unstable κ-Ga2O3 phase is stabilized as the major thin film phase form. We show that the epitaxial strain is gracefully accommodated by rearrangement of the oxygen polyhedra. When the structure is under large compressive strain, Ga3+ ions occupy only the oxygen octahedral sites to form a dense structure. With gradual release of the compressive strain, more and more Ga3+ ions occupy the oxygen tetrahedral sites, leading to volumetric expansion and the phase transformation. The structure of the transition phase is identified by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) observation, complemented by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study provides insights from the atomic scale and their implications for the design of functional thin film materials using epitaxial engineering. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Pressure-induced depopulation of the first excited subband in GaInAs/InP heterojunctions
D Gauthier, J C Portal and M Razeghi
D Gauthier et al 1989 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 4 218-- December 8, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
Following our previous work on (GalnAs)/(lnP) heterojunctions under hydrostatic pressure we present recent experimental results where the evidence for the total depopulation of the first excited electric subband with pressure is demonstrated. The total electron concentration decreases at a rate of 2.7% kbar”, much higher than in previous experiments. The experimental situation can be fitted with the triangular-well approximation if we both assume the change with pressure of the conduction band discontinuity AE, and the deepening of a deep impurity level with activation energy of the order 160 meV at zero pressure. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  High power, electrically tunable quantum cascade lasers
Steven Slivken; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 9755, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics-- February 13, 2016 ...[Visit Journal]
Mid-infrared laser sources (3-14 μm wavelengths) which have wide spectral coverage and high output power are attractive for many applications. This spectral range contains unique absorption fingerprints of most molecules, including toxins, explosives, and nerve agents. Infrared spectroscopy can also be used to detect important biomarkers, which can be used for medical diagnostics by means of breath analysis. The challenge is to produce a broadband midinfrared source which is small, lightweight, robust, and inexpensive. We are currently investigating monolithic solutions using quantum cascade lasers. A wide gain bandwidth is not sufficient to make an ideal spectroscopy source. Single mode output with rapid tuning is desirable. For dynamic wavelength selection, our group is developing multi-section laser geometries with wide electrical tuning (hundreds of cm-1). These devices are roughly the same size as a traditional quantum cascade lasers, but tuning is accomplished without any external optical components. When combined with suitable amplifiers, these lasers are capable of multi-Watt single mode output powers. This manuscript will describe our current research efforts and the potential for high performance, broadband electrical tuning with the quantum cascade laser. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Avalanche multiplication in AlGaN based solar-blind photodetectors
R. McClintock, A. Yasan, K. Minder, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 87 (24)-- December 12, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
Avalanche multiplication has been observed in solar-blind AlGaN-based p-i-n photodiodes. Upon ultraviolet illumination, the optical gain shows a soft breakdown starting at relatively low electric fields, eventually saturating without showing a Geiger mode breakdown. The devices achieve a maximum optical gain of 700 at a reverse bias of 60 V. By modeling the device, it is found that this corresponds to an electric-field strength of 1.7 MV/cm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  High-performance InP-based midinfrared quantum cascade lasers at Northwestern University
M. Razeghi, Y. Bai, S. Slivken, and S.R. Darvish
SPIE Optical Engineering, Vol. 49, No. 11, November 2010, p. 111103-1-- November 15, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
We present recent performance highlights of midinfrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) based on an InP material system. At a representative wavelength around 4.7 µm, a number of breakthroughs have been achieved with concentrated effort. These breakthroughs include watt-level continuous wave operation at room temperature, greater than 50% peak wall plug efficiency at low temperatures, 100-W-level pulsed mode operation at room temperature, and 10-W-level pulsed mode operation of photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers at room temperature. Since the QCL technology is wavelength adaptive in nature, these demonstrations promise significant room for improvement across a wide range of mid-IR wavelengths. [reprint (PDF)]
 
13.  Very High Average Power at Room Temperature from λ ~ 5.9 μm Quantum Cascade Lasers
J.S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. David and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 82 (20)-- May 19, 2003 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a very high average output power at room temperature for quantum-cascade lasers emitting at λ ~ 5.9 µm. For high-reflectivity-coated 2-mm-long cavities, a low threshold current density of 1.7 kA/cm2 was obtained at room temperature. From 300 to 400 K, the characteristic temperature (T0) was 198 K. A maximum average output power of 0.67 W was achieved. In addition, 0.56 W average output power was observed at a duty cycle of 56%. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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