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17.  Substrate removal for high quantum efficiency back side illuminated type-II InAs/GaSb photodetectors
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 23, p. 231106-- December 3, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
A substrate removal technique using an InAsSb etch stop layer improves by a factor of 2 the quantum efficiency of back side illuminated type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. After etching of the GaSb substrate with a CrO3 based solution, the quantum efficiency of the diodes presents Fabry-Pérot oscillations averaging at 56%. Due to the confinement of the infrared light inside the devices, the quantum efficiency for certain devices reaches 75% at 8.5 µm. The implementation of this new technique to a focal plane array resulted in a decrease of the integration time from 0.23 to 0.08 ms. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency
A. Evans, S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, No. 7, p. 071101-1-- August 13, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors report on the development of ~4.7 µm strain-balanced InP-based quantum cascade lasers with high wall plug efficiency and room temperature continuous-wave operation. The use of narrow-ridge buried heterostructure waveguides and thermally optimized packaging is presented. Over 9.3% wall plug efficiency is reported at room temperature from a single device producing over 0.675 W of continuous-wave output power. Wall plug efficiencies greater than 18% are also reported for devices at a temperature of 150 K, with continuous-wave output powers of more than 1 W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  High-Power Continuous-Wave Operation of Quantum-Cascade Lasers Up to 60 °C
J.S. Yu, A. Evans, J. David, L. Doris, S. Slivken and M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 16 (3)-- March 1, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
High-temperature high-power continuous-wave (CW) operation of high-reflectivity-coated 12 μm wide quantum-cascade lasers emitting at λ = 6 μm with a thick electroplated Au top contact layer is reported for different cavity lengths. For a 3 mm long laser, the CW optical output powers of 381 mW at 293 K and 22 mW at maximum operating temperature of 333 K (60°C) are achieved with threshold current densities of 1.93 and 3.09 kA/cm2, respectively. At 298 K, the same cavity gives a maximum wall plug efficiency of 3.17% at 1.07 A. An even higher CW optical output power of 424 mW at 293 K is obtained for a 4-mm-long laser and the device also operates up to 332 K with an output power of 14 mW. Thermal resistance is also analyzed at threshold as a function of cavity length. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Demonstration of type-II superlattice MWIR minority carrier unipolar imager for high operation temperature application
Guanxi Chen, Abbas Haddadi, Anh-Minh Hoang, Romain Chevallier, and Manijeh Razeghi
Optics Letters Vol. 40, Iss. 1, pp. 29–32-- December 18, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
An InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice-based mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) 320×256 unipolar focal plane array (FPA) using pMp architecture exhibited excellent infrared image from 81 to 150 K and ∼98% operability, which illustrated the possibility for high operation temperature application. At 150 K and −50  mV operation bias, the 27 μm pixels exhibited dark current density to be 1.2×10−5  A/cm², with 50% cutoff wavelength of 4.9 μm, quantum efficiency of 67% at peak responsivity (4.6 μm), and specific detectivity of 1.2×1012 Jones. At 90 K and below, the 27 μm pixels exhibited system limited dark current density, which is below 1×10−9  A/cm², and specific detectivity of 1.5×1014 Jones. From 81 to 100 K, the FPA showed ∼11  mK NEDT by using F/2.3 optics and a 9.69 ms integration time. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  III-Nitride Optoelectronic Devices: From Ultraviolet Toward Terahertz
M. Razeghi
IEEE Photonics Journal-Breakthroughs in Photonics 2010, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 263-267-- April 26, 2011 ...[Visit Journal]
We review III-Nitride optoelectronic device technologies with an emphasis on recent breakthroughs. We start with a brief summary of historical accomplishments and then report the state-of-the-art in three key spectral regimes: (1) Ultraviolet (AlGaN-based avalanche photodiodes, single photon detectors, focal plane arrays, and light emitting diodes), (2) Visible (InGaN-based solid state lighting, lasers, and solar cells), and (3) Near-, mid-infrared, and terahertz (AlGaN/GaN-based gap-engineered intersubband devices). We also describe future trends in III-Nitride optoelectronic devices. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Temperature dependent characteristics of λ ~ 3.8 µm room-temperature continuous-wave quantum-cascade lasers
J.S. Yu, A. Evans, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 88 (25)-- June 19, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The highest-performance device displays pulsed laser action at wavelengths between 3.4 and 3.6 μm, for temperatures up to 300 K, with a low temperature (80 K) threshold current density of approximately 2.6 kA/cm2, and a characteristic temperature of T0~130 K. The shortest wavelength QCL (λ ~ 3.05 μm) has a higher threshold current density (~12 kA/cm2 at T=20 K) and operates in pulsed mode at temperatures up to 110 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Combined resonant tunneling and rate equation modeling of terahertz quantum cascade lasers
Zhichao Chen , Andong Liu, Dong Chang , Sukhdeep Dhillon , Manijeh Razeghi , Feihu Wang
Journal of Applied Physics, 135, 115703 ...[Visit Journal]
Terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are technologically important laser sources for the THz range but are complex to model. An efficient extended rate equation model is developed here by incorporating the resonant tunneling mechanism from the density matrix formalism, which permits to simulate THz QCLs with thick carrier injection barriers within the semi-classical formalism. A self-consistent solution is obtained by iteratively solving the Schrödinger-Poisson equation with this transport model. Carrier-light coupling is also included to simulate the current behavior arising from stimulated emission. As a quasi-ab initio model, intermediate parameters such as pure dephasing time and optical linewidth are dynamically calculated in the convergence process, and the only fitting parameters are the interface roughness correlation length and height. Good agreement has been achieved by comparing the simulation results of various designs with experiments, and other models such as density matrix Monte Carlo and non-equilibrium Green’s function method that, unlike here, require important computational resources. The accuracy, compatibility, and computational efficiency of our model enables many application scenarios, such as design optimization and quantitative insights into THz QCLs. Finally, the source code of the model is also provided in the supplementary material of this article for readers to repeat the results presented here, investigate and optimize new designs. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  ZnO nanorod electrodes for hydrogen evolution and storage
Harinipriya, S.; Usmani, B.; Rogers, D. J.; Sandana, V. E.; Teherani, F. Hosseini; Lusson, A.; Bove, P.; Drouhin, H.-J.; Razeghi, M.
Proc. SPIE 8263, Oxide-based Materials and Devices III, 82631Y (February 9, 2012)-- February 9, 2012 ...[Visit Journal]
Due to the attractive combination of a relatively high specific heat of combustion with a large specific energy capacity, molecular hydrogen (H2) is being investigated for use as an alternative to fossil fuels. Energy-efficient H2 production and safe storage remain key technical obstacles to implementation of an H2 based economy, however. ZnO has been investigated for use as an alternative photocatalytic electrode to TiO2 for solarpowered photo-electro-chemical (PEC) electrolysis, in which H2 is generated by direct water splitting in a cell with a metal cathode and a semiconducting anode. In this investigation, ZnO NR grown on Si (100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition were investigated for use as electrodes in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). The electrochemical potential and Fermi energy of the ZnO NR were estimated from the electrochemical current density in acid and alkaline solutions via phenomenological thermodynamic analysis. As well as acting as an effective electrocalytic cathode, the ZnO NR appear to operate as a hydrogen reservoir. These results indicate that the ZnO NR have excellent potential for the storage of evolved H2. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Use of Sacrificial Zinc Oxide Template Layers for Epitaxial Lift-Off of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Thin Films
D. J. Rogers, T. Maroutian, V. E. Sandana, P. Lecoeur, F. H. Teherani, P. Bove and M. Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE 11687, 116872C (2021) ...[Visit Journal]
275 nm-thick Yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) layers were grown on 240 nm-thick epitaxial (0002)-oriented ZnO buffer layers on c-sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed high quality epitaxial growth with the YSZ having a preferential (111) orientation and a root mean square surface roughness of 1.4 nm over an area of 10 um x 10 um. The YSZ top surface was then temporary bonded to an Apiezon W wax carrier and the sample was immersed in 0.1M HCl so as to preferentially etch/dissolve away the ZnO underlayer and release of the YSZ from the sapphire substrate. XRD revealed only the characteristic (111) peak of YSZ after lift-off and thus confirmed both the dissolution of the ZnO and the preservation of the crystallographic integrity of the YSZ on the wax carrier. Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed some buckling, roughening and cracking of the lifted YSZ, however, which was probably due to tensile epitaxial strain release. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  High-power laser diodes based on InGaAsP alloys
M. Razeghi
Nature, Vol.369, p.631-633-- June 23, 1994 ...[Visit Journal]
HIGH-POWER, high-coherence solid-state lasers, based on dielectric materials such as ruby or Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), have many civilian and military applications. The active media in these lasers are insulating, and must therefore be excited (or ‘pumped’) by optical, rather than electrical, means. Conventional gas-discharge lamps can be used as the pumping source, but semiconductor diode lasers are more efficient, as their wavelength can be tailored to match the absorption properties of the lasing material. Semiconducting AlGaAs alloys are widely used for this purpose, but oxidation of the aluminium and the spreading of defects during device operation limit the lifetime of the diodes3, and hence the reliability of the system as a whole. Aluminium-free InGaAsP compounds, on the other hand, do not have these lifetime-limiting properties. We report here the fabrication of high-power lasers based on InGaAsP (lattice-matched to GaAs substrates), which operate over the same wavelength range as conventional AlGaAs laser diodes and show significantly improved reliability. The other optical and electrical properties of these diodes are either comparable or superior to those of the AlGaAs system. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Recent performance records for mid-IR quantum cascade lasers
M. Razeghi; Y. Bai; S. Slivken; S. Kuboya; S.R. Darvish
Terahertz and Mid Infrared Radiation: Basic Research and Practical Applications, 2009. TERA-MIR International Workshop [5379656], (2009) -- November 9, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The wall plug efficiency of the mid-infrared quantum cascade laser in room temperature continuous wave operation is brought to 17%. Peak output power from a broad area (400 μm x 3 mm) device gives 120 W output power in pulsed mode operation at room temperature. Using a single-well-injector design, specifically made for low temperature operation, a record wall plug efficiency of 53% is demonstrated at 40 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Negative luminescence of long-wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes
D. Hoffman, A. Hood, Y. Wei, A. Gin, F. Fuchs, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 87 (20)-- November 14, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
The electrically pumped emission behavior of binary type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been studied in the spectral range between 8 µm and 13 µm. With a radiometric calibration of the experimental setup, the internal and external quantum efficiency has been determined in the temperature range between 80 K and 300 K for both, the negative and positive luminescence. The negative luminescence efficiency approaches values as high as 35% without antireflection coating. The temperature dependence of the internal quantum efficiency near zero-bias voltage allows for the determination of the electron-hole-electron Auger recombination coefficient of Γn=1×1024 cm6 s–1. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  High peak power 16 m InP-related quantum cascade laser
A. Szerlinga,∗, S. Slivkenb, M. RazeghibaInstytut
Opto-Electronics Review 25, pp. 205–208-- July 22, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
tIn this paper ∼16 μm-emitting multimode InP-related quantum cascade lasers are presented with themaximum operating temperature 373 K, peak and average optical power equal to 720 mW and 4.8 mW at 303 K, respectively, and the characteristic temperature (T0) 272 K. Two types of the lasers were fabricatedand characterized: the lasers with a SiO2 layer left untouched in the area of the metal-free window ontop of the ridge, and the lasers with the SiO2layer removed from the metal-free window area. Dual-wavelength operation was obtained, at ∼15.6 μm (641 cm−1) and at ∼16.6 μm (602 cm−1) for laserswith SiO2-removed, while within the emission spectrum of the lasers with SiO2-left untouched only the former lasing peak was present. The parameters of these devices like threshold current, optical power and emission wavelength are compared. Lasers without the SiO2 layer showed ∼15% lower threshold current than these ones with the SiO2 layer. The optical powers for lasers without SiO2 layer were almost twice higher than for the lasers with the SiO2 layer on the top of the ridge. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  High-performance InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors grown on InP substrate operating at room temperature
H. Lim, S. Tsao, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, No. 13, p. 131112-1-- March 26, 2007 ...[Visit Journal]
The authors report a room temperature operating InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector grown on InP substrate. The self-assembled InAs quantum dots and the device structure were grown by low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The detectivity was 2.8×1011 cm·Hz1/2/W at 120 K and a bias of −5 V with a peak detection wavelength around 4.1 μm and a quantum efficiency of 35%. Due to the low dark current and high responsivity, a clear photoresponse has been observed at room temperature, which gives a detectivity of 6.7×107 cm·Hz1/2/W. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  High Quantum Efficiency AlGaN Solar-Blind Photodetectors
R. McClintock, A. Yasan, K. Mayes, D. Shiell, S.R. Darvish, P. Kung and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 84 (8)-- February 23, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report AlGaN-based back-illuminated solar-blind ultraviolet p-i-n photodetectors with a peak responsivity of 136 mA/W at 282 nm without bias. This corresponds to a high external quantum efficiency of 60%, which improves to a value as high as 72% under 5 V reverse bias. We attribute the high performance of these devices to the use of a very-high quality AlN and Al0.87Ga0.13N/AlN superlattice material and a highly conductive Si–In co-doped Al0.5Ga0.5N layer [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Photovoltaic effects in GaN structures with p-n junction
X. Zhang, P. Kung, D. Walker, J. Piotrowski, A. Rogalski, A. Saxler, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 67 (14)-- October 2, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
Large-area GaN photovoltaic structures with p-n junctions have been fabricated using atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The photovoltaic devices typically exhibit selective spectral characteristics with two narrow peaks of opposite polarity. This can be related to p-n junction connected back‐to‐back with a Schottky barrier. The shape of the spectral characteristic is dependent on the thickness of the n- and p-type regions. The diffusion length of holes in the n-type GaN region, estimated by theoretical modeling of the spectral response shape, was about 0.1 μm. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Background limited performance of long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays fabricated from M-structure InAs-GaSb superlattices
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, E.K. Huang, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 2, p. 157-162.-- February 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The recent introduction of a M-structure design improved both the dark current and R0A performances of Type-II InAs-GaSb photodiodes. A focal plane array fabricated with this design was characterized at 81 K. The dark current of individual pixels was measured between 1.1 and 1.6 nA, 7 times lower than previous superlattice FPAs. This led to a higher dynamic range and longer integration times. The quantum efficiency of detectors without antireflective coating was 74%. The noise equivalent temperature difference reached 23 mK, limited only by the performance of the testing system and the read out integrated circuit. Background limited performances were demonstrated at 81 K for a 300 K background. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Non-equilibrium radiation of long wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes
D. Hoffman, A. Hood, F. Fuchs and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 99-- February 15, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
The emission behavior of binary-binary type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been studied in the spectral range between 8 and 13 μm. With a radiometric calibration of the experimental setup the internal and external quantum efficiencies have been determined in the temperature range between 80 and 300 K for both the negative and positive luminescences. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  High power, high wall-plug efficiency, high reliability, continuous-wave operation quantum cascade lasers at Center for Quantum Devices
Razeghi, Manijeh
SPIE Proceedings Volume 11296, Optical, Opto-Atomic, and Entanglement-Enhanced Precision Metrology II; 112961C-- February 25, 2020 ...[Visit Journal]
Since the demonstration of the first quantum cascade laser (QCL) in 1997, QCLs have undergone considerable developments in output power, wall plug efficiency (WPE), beam quality, wavelength coverage and tunability. Among them, many world-class breakthroughs were achieved at the Center for Quantum Device at Northwestern University. In this paper, we will discuss the recent progress of our research and present the main contributions of the Center for Quantum Devices to the QCL family on high power, high wall-plug efficiency (WPE), continuous-wave (CW) and room temperature operation lasers. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Defects in Organometallic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy-Grown GaInP Layers
Feng S.L., Bourgoin J.C., Omnes F., and Razeghi M.
Applied Physics Letters 59 (8), p. 941-- May 28, 1991 ...[Visit Journal]
Non-intentionally doped metalorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy Ga1−x InxP layers, having an alloy composition (x = 0.49) corresponding to a lattice matched to GaAs, grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, have been studied by capacitance‐voltage and deep-level transient spectroscopy techniques. They are found to exhibit a free‐carrier concentration at room temperature of the order of 1015 cm−3. Two electron traps have been detected. The first one, at 75 meV below the conduction band, is in small concentration (∼1013 cm−3) while the other, at about 0.9 eV and emitting electrons above room temperature, has a concentration in the range 1014–1015 cm−3. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Evaluating the size-dependent quantum efficiency loss in a SiO2-Y2O3 hybrid gated type-II InAs/GaSb long-infrared photodetector array
G. Chen , A. M. Hoang , and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 104 , 103509 (2014)-- March 14, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
Growing Y2O3 on 20 nm SiO2 to passivate a 11 μm 50% cut-off wavelength long-wavelength infrared type-II superlattice gated photodetector array reduces its saturated gate bias (VGsat ) to −7 V. Size-dependent quantum efficiency (QE) losses are evaluated from 400 μm to 57 μm size gated photodiode. Evolution of QE of the 57 μm gated photodiode with gate bias and diode operation bias reveals different surface recombination mechanisms. At 77 K and VG,sat , the 57 μm gated photodiode exhibits QE enhancement from 53% to 63%, and it has 1.2 × 10−5 A/cm² dark current density at −200 mV, and a specific detectivity of 2.3 × 1012 Jones. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  GaInAs and GaInAsP materials grown by low pressure MOCVD for microwave and optoelectronic applications
J.P. Duchemin, J.P. Hirtz, M. Razeghi, M. Bonnet , S.D. Hersee
J.P. Duchemin, J.P. Hirtz, M. Razeghi, M. Bonnet, S.D. Hersee, GaInAs and GaInAsP materials grown by low pressure MOCVD for microwave and optoelectronic applications, Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 55, Issue 1, 1981, Pages 64-73-- October 1, 1981 ...[Visit Journal]
The low pressure MOCVD technique has been successfully used to grow GaInAsP, lattice-matched to InP, for the complete compositional range between InP (λ=0.91 μm) and the ternary compound Ga0.47In0.53As (λ=1.67 μm). By contrast to LPE growth it has been found that during the MOCVD growth of double heterostructures InP can be grown directly onto the ternary or quaternary with no disturbance of the active layer, i.e. there is no effect equivalent to “melt back”. The compositional grading on both sides of the active layer was measured by scanning Auger spectroscopy on bevelled samples. It was found that the graded regions were typically less than 100 Å wide for GaInAsP active layers and less than 50 Å wide for GaInAs active layers. Single layers of undoped GaInAs exhibited a typical mobility of 6700 cm2 V-1s-1 at 1.5×1017 cm-3. The compositional uniformity of the ternary layers was characterised by measurement of the photoluminescence wavelength at various points on a large sample. The wavelength varied by <3 nm over 95% of the area, which was approximately 8 cm2. Our early MOCVD grown GaInAsP/InP DH lasers exhibited high thresholds due to a poor interface between the p-InP and the active layer. However, recently fabricated broad area lasers emitting at 1.27 μm show an average threshold current density of 1.5 kA cm-2 with a T0 of between 70 to 80 K. Stripe geometry lasers have being fabricated from this material and CW operation has been obtained. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Relaxation kinetics in quantum cascade laser
S. Slivken, V. Litvinov, M. Razeghi, and J.R. Meyer
Journal of Applied Physics 85 (2)-- January 15, 1999 ...[Visit Journal]
Relaxation kinetics in a quantum cascade intersubband laser are investigated. Distribution functions and gain spectra of a three-subband double-quantum-well active region are obtained as a function of temperature and injection current. The potentially important role of the nonequilibrium phonons at lasing threshold is shown and discussed in details. It is shown that the threshold current is strongly dependent of the power dissipated in the active region in steady state. The numerical calculations for an 8.5 μm laser illustrate the general issues of relaxation kinetics in quantum cascade lasers. Temperature dependence of the threshold current is obtained in a good agreement with the experiments. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  Second harmonic generation in hexagonal silicon carbide
P.M. Lundquist, W.P. Lin, G.K. Wong, M. Razeghi, and J.B. Ketterson
Applied Physics Letters 66 (15)-- April 10, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
We report optical second harmonic generation measurements in single crystal α-SiC of polytype 6H. The angular dependence of second harmonic intensity was consistent with two independent nonvanishing second order susceptibility components, as expected for a crystal with hexagonal symmetry. For the fundamental wavelength of 1.064 μm the magnitudes of the two components were determined to be χzzz(2)=±1.2×10−7 and χzxx(2)=∓1.2×10−8 esu. The corresponding linear electro‐optic coefficient computed from this value is rzzz=±100 pm/V. The wavelength dependence of the nonlinear susceptibility was examined for second harmonic wavelengths between the bandgap (400 nm) and the red (700 nm), and was found to be relatively uniform over this region. The refractory nature of this compound and its large nonlinear optical coefficients make it an attractive candidate for high power nonlinear optical waveguide applications. [reprint (PDF)]
 
17.  High differential resistance type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes for the long-wavelength infrared
A. Hood, D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E. Michel and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 89 (9)-- August 28, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a 50% cutoff wavelength ranging from 11 to 13 μm are presented. Optimization of diffusion limited photodiodes provided superlattice structures for improved injection efficiency in direct injection hybrid focal plane array applications. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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