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14.  High Detectivity InGaAs/InGaP Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown by Low Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
J. Jiang, S. Tsao, T. O'Sullivan, W. Zhang, H. Lim, T. Sills, K. Mi, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow
Applied Physics Letters, 84 (12)-- April 22, 2004 ...[Visit Journal]
We report a high detectivity middle-wavelength infrared quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP). The InGaAs quantum dots were grown by self-assembly on an InGaP matrix via low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Photoresponse was observed at temperatures above 200 K with a peak wavelength of 4.7 µm and cutoff wavelength of 5.2 µm. The background limited performance temperature was 140 K, and this was attributed to the super low dark current observed in this QDIP. A detectivity of 3.6×1010 cm·Hz½/W, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art quantum well infrared photodetectors in a similar wavelength range, was obtained for this InGaAs/InGaP QDIP at both T = 77 K and T = 95 K at biases of –1.6 and –1.4 V, [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Top-emission ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with peak emission at 280 nm
A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, S.R. Darvish, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 81 (5)-- July 29, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate light emission at 280 nm from UV light-emitting diodes consisting of AlInGaN/AlInGaN multiple quantum wells. Turn-on voltage of the devices is ~5 V with a differential resistance of ~40 Ω. The peak emission wavelength redshifts ~1 nm at high injection currents. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Miniaturization: enabling technology for the new millennium
M. Razeghi and H. Mohseni
SPIE International Conference on Solid State Crystals, Zakopane, Poland, -- April 1, 2001 ...[Visit Journal]
The history of semiconductor devices has been characterized by a constant drive toward lower dimensions in order to increase integration density, system functionality and performance. However, this is still far from being comparable with the performance of natural systems such as human brain. The challenges facing semiconductor technologies in the millennium will be to move toward miniaturization. The influence of this trend on the quantum sensing of infrared radiation is one example that is elaborated here. A new generation of infrared detectors has been developed by growing layers of different semiconductors with nanometer thicknesses. The resulted badgap engineered semiconductor has superior performance compared to the bulk material. To enhance this technology further, we plan to move from quantum wells to quantum wire and quantum dots. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type II superlattices
Arash Dehzangi , Ryan McClintock, Donghai Wu , Abbas Haddadi, Romain Chevallier , and Manijeh Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 114, 191109-- May 17, 2019 ...[Visit Journal]
A two terminal extended short wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb on a GaSb substrate is designed, fabricated, and investigated. With the base thickness of 40 nm, the device exhibited a 100% cut-off wavelength of 2.3 λ at 300 K. The saturated peak responsivity value is 320.5 A/W at 300 K, under front-side illumination without any antireflection coating. A saturated optical gain of 245 at 300K was measured. At the same temperature, the device exhibited a collector dark current density (at unity optical gain) and a DC current gain of 7.8 X 103 A/cm² and 1100, respectively. The device exhibited a saturated dark current shot noise limited specific detectivity of 4.9 X 1011 cm·Hz½/W at 300 K which remains constant over a broad range of wavelengths and applied biases. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Comparison of PLD-Grown p-NiO/n-Ga2O3 Heterojunctions on Bulk Single Crystal β-Ga2O3 and r-plane Sapphire Substrates
D. J. Rogers , V. E. Sandana, F. Hosseini Teherani and M. Razeghi
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 12895, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XX, 128870J (28 January - 1 February 2024 San Francisco)doi: 10.1117/12.3012511 ...[Visit Journal]
p-NiO/n-Ga2O3 heterostructures were formed on single crystal (-201) β (monoclinic) Ga2O3 and r-sapphire substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Ring mesa layer stacks were created using a shadow mask during growth. X-Ray diffraction studies were consistent with the formation of (111) oriented fcc NiO on the bulk Ga2O3 and randomly oriented fcc NiO on (102) oriented β-Ga2O3 /r-sapphire. RT optical transmission studies revealed bandgap energy values of ~3.65 eV and ~5.28 eV for the NiO and Ga2O3 on r-sapphire. p-n junction devices were formed by depositing gold contacts on the layer stacks using shadow masks in a thermal evaporator. Both heterojunctions showed rectifying I/V characteristics. On bulk Ga2O, the junction showed a current density over 16mA/cm2 at +20V forward bias and a reverse bias leakage current over 3 orders of magnitude lower at -20V (1 pA). On Ga2O3/r-sapphire the forward bias current density at +15V was about an order of magnitude lower than for the p-NiO/bulk n-Ga2O3 heterojunction while the reverse bias leakage current at -15V (~ 20 pA) was an order of magnitude higher. Hence the NiO/bulk Ga2O3 junction was more rectifying. Upon illumination with a Xenon lamp a distinct increase in current was observed for the IV curves in both devices (four orders of magnitude for -15V reverse bias in the case of the p-NiO/bulk n-Ga2O3 heterojunction). The p-NiO/n-Ga2O3/rsapphire junction gave a spectral responsivity with a FWHM value of 80nm and two distinct response peaks (with maxima at 230 and 270nm) which were attributed to carriers being photogenerated in the Ga2O3 underlayer. For both devices time response studies showed a 10%/90% rise and fall of the photo generated current upon shutter open and closing which was relatively abrupt (millisecond range), and there was no evidence of significant persistent photoconductivity. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Photoluminescence Study of AlGaN-based 280 nm Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes
A. Yasan, R. McClintock, K. Mayes, D.H. Kim, P. Kung, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 83 (20)-- November 17, 2003 ...[Visit Journal]
We investigated optical properties of single quantum well AlGaN-based UV 280 nm light-emitting diodes using temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurement. We found an "S-shaped" temperature dependence of the peak energy. From the Arrhenius plot of integrated PL intensity, we speculate that dislocations as well as thermal emission of carriers out of the quantum well are responsible for the PL quenching behavior. Also a second nonradiative channel with much lower activation energy was found, the origin of which we believe to be quenching of the bound excitons [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Background limited performance of long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays fabricated from M-structure InAs-GaSb superlattices
P.Y. Delaunay, B.M. Nguyen, D. Hoffman, E.K. Huang, and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 2, p. 157-162.-- February 1, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The recent introduction of a M-structure design improved both the dark current and R0A performances of Type-II InAs-GaSb photodiodes. A focal plane array fabricated with this design was characterized at 81 K. The dark current of individual pixels was measured between 1.1 and 1.6 nA, 7 times lower than previous superlattice FPAs. This led to a higher dynamic range and longer integration times. The quantum efficiency of detectors without antireflective coating was 74%. The noise equivalent temperature difference reached 23 mK, limited only by the performance of the testing system and the read out integrated circuit. Background limited performances were demonstrated at 81 K for a 300 K background. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Growth of AlGaN on silicon substrates: a novel way to make back-illuminated ultraviolet photodetectors
Ryan McClintock ; Manijeh Razeghi
Proc. SPIE 9555, Optical Sensing, Imaging, and Photon Counting: Nanostructured Devices and Applications, 95550U-- August 28, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
AlGaN, with its tunable wide-bandgap is a good choice for the realization of ultraviolet photodetectors. AlGaN films tend to be grown on foreign substrates such as sapphire, which is the most common choice for back-illuminated devices. However, even ultraviolet opaque substrates like silicon holds promise because, silicon can be removed by chemical treatment to allow back-illumination,1 and it is a very low-cost substrate which is available in large diameters up to 300 mm. However, Implementation of silicon as the solar-blind PD substrates requires overcoming the lattice-mismatch (17%) with the AlxGa1-xN that leads to high density of dislocation and crack-initiating stress. In this talk, we report the growth of thick crack-free AlGaN films on (111) silicon substrates through the use of a substrate patterning and mask-less selective area regrowth. This technique is critical as it decouples the epilayers and the substrate and allows for crack-free growth; however, the masking also helps to reduce the dislocation density by inclining the growth direction and encouraging dislocations to annihilate. A back-illuminated p-i-n PD structure is subsequently grown on this high quality template layer. After processing and hybridizing the device we use a chemical process to selectively remove the silicon substrate. This removal has minimal effect on the device, but it removes the UV-opaque silicon and allows back-illumination of the photodetector. We report our latest results of back-illuminated solar-blind photodetectors growth on silicon. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  High operating temperature 320 x 256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array imaging based on an InAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum dot infrared photodetector
S. Tsao, H. Lim, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology-- May 28, 2007 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Impact of scaling base thickness on the performance of heterojunction phototransistors
Arash Dehzangi, Abbas Haddadi, Sourav Adhikary, and Manijeh Razeghi
Nanotechnology 28, 10LT01-- February 2, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
In this letter we report the effect of vertical scaling on the optical and electrical performance of mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistors based on type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices. The performance of devices with different base thickness was compared as the base was scaled from 60 down to 40 nm. The overall optical performance shows enhancement in responsively, optical gain, and specific detectivity upon scaling the base width. The saturated responsivity for devices with 40 nm bases reaches 8,845 and 9,528 A/W at 77 and 150 K, respectively, which is almost five times greater than devices with 60 nm bases. The saturated optical gain for devices with 40 nm bases is measured as 2,760 at 77 K and 3,081 at 150 K. The devices with 40 nm bases also exhibit remarkable enhancement in saturated current gain, with 17,690 at 77 K, and 19,050 at 150 K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Minority electron unipolar photodetectors based on Type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices for very long wavelength infrared detection
B.M. Nguyen, S. Abdollahi Pour, S. Bogdanov and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Francisco, CA (January 22-28, 2010), Vol. 7608, p. 760825-1-- January 22, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
The bandstructure tunability of Type-II antimonide-based superlattices has been significantly enhanced since the introduction of the M-structure superlattice, resulting in significant improvements of Type-II superlattice infrared detectors. By using M-structure, we developed the pMp design, a novel infrared photodetector architecture that inherits the advantages of traditional photoconductive and photovoltaic devices. This minority electron unipolar device consists of an M-structure barrier layer blocking the transport of majority holes in a p-type semiconductor, resulting in an electrical transport due to minority carriers with low current density. Applied for the very long wavelength detection, at 77K, a 14µm cutoff detector exhibits a dark current 3.3 mA·cm−2, a photoresponsivity of 1.4 A/W at 50mV bias and the associated shot-noise detectivity of 4x1010 Jones. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Minority electron unipolar photodetectors based on Type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices for very long wavelength infrared detection
B.M. Nguyen, S. Bogdanov, S. Abdollahi Pour, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 18, p. 183502-- November 2, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
We present a hybrid photodetector design that inherits the advantages of traditional photoconductive and photovoltaic devices. The structure consists of a barrier layer blocking the transport of majority holes in a p-type semiconductor, resulting in an electrical transport due to minority carriers with low current density. By using the M-structure superlattice as a barrier region, the band alignments can be experimentally controlled, allowing for the efficient extraction of the photosignal with less than 50 mV bias. At 77 K, a 14 µm cutoff detector exhibits a dark current 3.3 mA·cm−2, a photoresponsivity of 1.4 A/W, and the associated shot noise detectivity of 4×1010 Jones. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Growth and characterization of InSbBi for long wavelength infrared photodetectors
J.J. Lee, J.D. Kim, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 70 (24)-- June 16, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
The epitaxial growth of InSbBi ternary alloys by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is reported on. X-ray diffraction spectra showed well resolved peaks of InSbBi and InSb films. Bi incorporation was confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Photoresponse spectrum up to 9.3 μm which corresponds to 0.13 eV energy band gap has been measured in a sample with Bi composition of 5.8 at.% at 77 K. Electron mobility at room temperature ranges from 44 100 to 4910 cm²/V·s as Bi composition increases. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Optical Investigations of GaAs-GaInP Quantum Wells and Superlattices Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Omnes F., and Razeghi M.
Applied Physics Letters 59 (9), p. 1034-- May 28, 1991 ...[Visit Journal]
Recent experimental results on the photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation of GaAs‐Ga0.51In0.49P lattice‐matched quantum wells and superlattices are discussed. The full width at half maximum of a 10‐period GaAs‐GaInP superlattice with Lz=90 Å and LB=100 Å is 4 meV at 4 K. The photoluminescence excitation exhibits very sharp peaks attributed to the electron to light‐hole and electron to heavy‐hole transitions. The GaInP‐GaAs interface suffers from memory effect of In, rather than P or As elements. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  III-nitride based avalanche photo detectors
R. McClintock, E. Cicek, Z. Vashaei, C. Bayram, M. Razeghi and M. Ulmer
Proceedings, Vol. 7780, p. 77801B, SPIE Optics and Photonics Symposium, Conference on Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane and Single Photon, San Diego, CA -- August 4, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
Research into III-Nitride based avalanche photodiodes (APDs) is motivated by the need for high sensitivity ultraviolet (UV) detectors in numerous civilian and military applications. By designing III-Nitride photodetectors that utilize low-noise impact ionization high internal gain can be realized-GaN APDs operating in Geiger mode can achieve gains exceeding 1×107. Thus with careful design, it becomes possible to count photons at the single photon level. In this paper we review the current state of the art in III-Nitride visible-blind APDs and discuss the critical design choices necessary to achieve high performance Geiger mode devices. Other major technical issues associated with the realization of visible-blind Geiger mode APDs are also discussed in detail and future prospects for improving upon the performance of these devices are outlined. The photon detection efficiency, dark count rate, and spectral response of or most recent Geiger-mode GaN APDs on free-standing GaN substrates are studied under low photon fluxes, with single photon detection capabilities being demonstrated. We also present our latest results regarding linear mode gain uniformity: the study of gain uniformity helps reveal the spatial origins of gain so that we can better understand the role of defects. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Disorder of a Gax In1-xAsy P1-y-InP quantum well by Zn diffusion
M. Razeghi, O. Acher, and F. Launay
Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2 (1 987) 793-796.-- July 30, 1987 ...[Visit Journal]
Data are presented showing for the first time that Zn diffusion into a Ga,In,-,As,P,-, - InP quantum well and superlattice (of 100 A thickness) completely disorders the quantum well and superlattice layers. The photoluminescence wavelength of the quantum well and the superlattice increased after Zn diffusion, which can be attributed to the In-Ga interdiffusion at the heterointerfaces, as a result of the interchange mechanism between the interstitials and substitutional zinc atoms [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers with high wall plug efficiency
Y. Bai, B. Gokden, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, S.A. Pour, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA Volume 7222-0O-- January 26, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
We demonstrate optimization of continuous wave (cw) operation of 4.6 µm quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). A 19.7 µm by 5 mm, double channel processed device exhibits 33% cw WPE at 80 K. Room temperature cw WPE as high as 12.5% is obtained from a 10.6 µm by 4.8 mm device, epilayer-down bonded on a diamond submount. With the semi-insulating regrowth in a buried ridge geometry, 15% WPE is obtained with 2.8 W total output power in cw mode at room temperature. This accomplishment is achieved by systematically decreasing the parasitic voltage drop, reducing the waveguide loss and improving the thermal management. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Bias-selectable three-color short-, extended-short-, and mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices
Abbas Haddadi, and Manijeh Razeghi
Optics Letters Vol. 42, Iss. 21, pp. 4275-4278-- October 16, 2017 ...[Visit Journal]
A bias-selectable, high operating temperature, three-color short-, extended-short-, and mid-wavelength infrared photodetector based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattices on GaSb substrate has been demonstrated. The short-, extended-short-, and mid-wavelength channels’ 50% cutoff wavelengths were 2.3, 2.9, and 4.4μm, respectively, at 150K. The mid-wavelength channel exhibited a saturated quantum efficiency of 34% at 4μm under +200 mV bias voltage in a front-side illumination configuration and without any antireflection coating. At 200mV, the device exhibited a dark current density of 8.7×10−5  A/cm2 providing a specific detectivity of ∼2×1011  cm·Hz1/2/W at 150K. The short-wavelength channel achieved a saturated quantum efficiency of 20% at 1.8μm. At −10  mV, the device’s dark current density was 5.5×10−8  A/cm2. At zero bias, its specific detectivity was 1×1011  cm·Hz1/2/W at 150K. The extended short-wavelength channel achieved a saturated quantum efficiency of 22% at 2.75 μm. Under −2  V bias voltage, the device exhibited a dark current density of 1.8×10−6  A/cm2 providing a specific detectivity of 6.3×1011  cm·Hz1/2/W at 150K. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  High Detectivity GaInAs/InP Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors Grown on Si Substrates
J. Jiang, C. Jelen, M. Razeghi and G.J. Brown
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 14 (3)-- March 1, 2002 ...[Visit Journal]
In this letter, we report an improvement in the growth and the device performance of GaInAs-InP quantum well infrared photodetectors grown on Si substrates. Material growth techniques, like low-temperature nucleation layers and thick buffer layers were used to grow InP on Si. An in situ thermal cycle annealing technique was used to reduce the threading dislocation density in the InP-on-Si. Detector dark current was reduced 2 orders of magnitude by this method. Record high detectivity of 2.3 × 109 cm·Hz½·W-1 was obtained for QWIP-on-Si detectors in the 7-9 μm range at 77 K [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Reliability in room-temperature negative differential resistance characteristics of low-aluminum contact AlGaN/GaN double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes
C. Bayram, Z. Vashaei, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, No. 18, p. 181109-1-- November 1, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
AlGaN/GaN resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs), consisting of 20% (10%) aluminum-content in double-barrier (DB) active layer, were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on freestanding polar (c-plane) and nonpolar (m-plane) GaN substrates. RTDs were fabricated into 35-μm-diameter devices for electrical characterization. Lower aluminum content in the DB active layer and minimization of dislocations and polarization fields increased the reliability and reproducibility of room-temperature negative differential resistance (NDR). Polar RTDs showed decaying NDR behavior, whereas nonpolar ones did not significantly. Averaging over 50 measurements, nonpolar RTDs demonstrated a NDR of 67 Ω, a current-peak-to-valley ratio of 1.08, and an average oscillator output power of 0.52 mW. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Sb-based infrared materials and photodetectors for the near room temperature applications
J.D. Kim, E. Michel, H. Mohseni, J. Wojkowski, J.J. Lee and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA, Vol. 2999, pp. 55-- February 12, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
We report on the growth of InSb, InAsSb, and InTlSb alloys for infrared photodetector applications. The fabrication and characterization of photodetectors based on these materials are also reported. Both photoconductive and photovoltaic devices are investigated. The materials and detector structures were grown on (100) and (111)B semi-insulating GaAs and GaAs coated Si substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Photoconductive detectors fabricated from InAsSb and InTlSb have been operated in the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K. The material parameters for photovoltaic device structures have been optimized through theoretical calculations based on fundamental mechanisms. InSb p-i-n photodiodes with 77 K peak responsivities approximately 103 V/W were grown on Si and (111) GaAs substrates. An InAsSb photovoltaic detector with a composition of x equals 0.85 showed photoresponse up to 13 micrometers at 300 K with a peak responsivity of 9.13 X 10-2 V/W at 8 micrometers . The RoA product of InAsSb detectors has been theoretically and experimentally analyzed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  High-Power (~9 μm) Quantum Cascade Lasers
S. Slivken, Z. Huang, A. Evans, and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 5 (22)-- June 3, 2002 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Gain-length scaling in quantum dot/quantum well infrared photodetectors
T. Yamanaka, B. Movaghar, S. Tsao, S. Kuboya, A. Myzaferi and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 9-- August 31, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
The gain in quantum dot/quantum well infrared photodetectors is investigated. The scaling of the gain with device length has been analyzed, and the behavior agrees with the previously proposed model. We conclude that we understand the gain in the low bias region, but in the high field region, discrepancies remain. An extension of the gain model is presented to cover the very high electric field region. The high field data are compared to the extended model and discussed. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Back-illuminated separate absorption and multiplication GaN avalanche photodiodes
J.L. Pau, C. Bayram, R. McClintock, M. Razeghi and D. Silversmith
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, No. 10, p. 101120-1-- March 10, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
The performance of back-illuminated avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption and multiplication regions is presented. Devices with an active area of 225 µm2 show a maximum multiplication gain of 41,200. The calculation of the noise equivalent power yields a minimum value of 3.3×10−14 W·Hz−1/2 at a gain of 3000, increasing to 2.0×10−13 W·Hz−1/2 at a gain of 41,200. The broadening of the response edge has been analyzed as a function of bias. [reprint (PDF)]
 
14.  Room-temperature, high-power and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ~ 9.6 µm
S.R. Darvish, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J.S. Yu, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, 88 (20)-- May 15, 2006 ...[Visit Journal]
High-power continuous-wave (cw) operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers is reported. Continuous-wave output powers of 100 mW at 25 °C and 20 mW at 50 °C are obtained. The device exhibits a cw threshold current density of 1.34 kA/cm2, a maximum cw wall-plug efficiency of 1% at 25 °C, and a characteristic temperature of ~190 K in pulsed mode. Single-mode emission near 9.6 μm with a side-mode suppression ratio of ≥ 30 dB and a tuning range of 2.89 cm–1 from 15 to 50 °C is obtained. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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