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19.  High power broad area quantum cascade lasers
Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, A. Haddadi, B. Gokden and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, No. 22, p. 221104-1-- November 30, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
Broad area quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are studied with ridge widths up to 400 µm, in room temperature pulsed mode operation at an emission wavelength around 4.45 µm. The peak output power scales linearly with the ridge width. A maximum total peak output power of 120 W is obtained from a single 400-µm-wide device with a cavity length of 3 mm. A stable far field emission characteristic is observed with dual lobes at ±38° for all tested devices, which suggests that these broad area QCLs are highly resistant to filamentation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Spatial Noise and Correctability of Type-II InAs/GaSb Focal Plane Arrays
P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
IEEE Journal of Quanutm Electronics, April 2010, Vol. 46, No. 4, p. 584-588-- April 1, 2010 ...[Visit Journal]
A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference of the array was measured as low as 23 mK (f# = 2), for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The spatial noise of the array was dominated by the nonuniformity of the illumination through the circular aperture. A standard two-point nonuniformity correction improved the inhomogeneity equivalent temperature difference to 16 mK. The correctability just after calibration was 0.6. The long-term stability time was superior to 25 hours. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Second harmonic generation in hexagonal silicon carbide
P.M. Lundquist, W.P. Lin, G.K. Wong, M. Razeghi, and J.B. Ketterson
Applied Physics Letters 66 (15)-- April 10, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
We report optical second harmonic generation measurements in single crystal α-SiC of polytype 6H. The angular dependence of second harmonic intensity was consistent with two independent nonvanishing second order susceptibility components, as expected for a crystal with hexagonal symmetry. For the fundamental wavelength of 1.064 μm the magnitudes of the two components were determined to be χzzz(2)=±1.2×10−7 and χzxx(2)=∓1.2×10−8 esu. The corresponding linear electro‐optic coefficient computed from this value is rzzz=±100 pm/V. The wavelength dependence of the nonlinear susceptibility was examined for second harmonic wavelengths between the bandgap (400 nm) and the red (700 nm), and was found to be relatively uniform over this region. The refractory nature of this compound and its large nonlinear optical coefficients make it an attractive candidate for high power nonlinear optical waveguide applications. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Study on the effects of minority carrier leakage in InAsSb/InPAsSb double heterostructure
B. Lane, D. Wu, H.J. Yi, J. Diaz, A. Rybaltowski, S. Kim, M. Erdtmann, H. Jeon and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 70 (11)-- April 17, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
InAsxSb1−x/InP1−x−yAsxSby double heterostructures have been grown on InAs substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The minority carrier leakage to the cladding layers was studied with photoluminescence measurements on the InAsSb/InPAsSb double heterostructures. A carrier leakage model is used to extract parameters related to the leakage current (diffusion-coefficient and length) from experimental results. Using the obtained parameters, the temperature dependence of the threshold current density of InAsSb/InPAsSb double heterostructure lasers is predicted and compared with experimental results. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Improved performance of IR photodetectors with 3D gap engineering
J. Piotrowski and M. Razeghi
Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Materials, Physics and Devices, SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings, Vol. 2397-- February 6, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
The ultimate signal-to-noise performance of the semiconductor photodetector is limited by the statistical fluctuations of the thermal generation and recombination rates in photodetector material. Cooling is an effective but impractical way of suppression of the thermal processes. The performance of uncooled detectors can be improved by minimizing the thermal generation and recombination rates and reducing the actual volume of photodetector. This can be realized in 3D heterostructure devices. In these devices, the incident radiation is absorbed in small regions of narrow gap semiconductor, buried in wide gap volume and supplied with wide gap electric contacts and radiation concentrators. The practical near room-temperature 1 - 12 μm IR heterostructure photodetectors are reported. The devices are based on variable gap Hg1-xCdxTe. The 3D heterostructures have been obtained by Isothermal Vapor Growth Epitaxy in a reusable growth system which enables in situ doping during growth with foreign impurities. Ion milling was extensively used in preparation of the devices. Monolithic optical immersion has been applied for further improvement of performance. The 3D heterostructure devices exhibit performance exceeding that of conventional photodetectors. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High operating temperature 320 x 256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array imaging based on an InAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum dot infrared photodetector
S. Tsao, H. Lim, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology-- May 28, 2007 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Monolithic, steerable, mid-infrared laser realized with no moving parts
Slivken S, Wu D, Razeghi M
Scientific Reports 7, 8472 -- May 24, 2018 ...[Visit Journal]
The mid-infrared (2.5 < λ < 25 μm) spectral region is utilized for many purposes, such as chemical/biological sensing, free space communications, and illuminators/countermeasures. Compared to near-infrared optical systems, however, mid-infrared component technology is still rather crude, with isolated components exhibiting limited functionality. In this manuscript, we make a significant leap forward in mid-infrared technology by developing a platform which can combine functions of multiple mid-infrared optical elements, including an integrated light source. In a single device, we demonstrate wide wavelength tuning (240 nm) and beam steering (17.9 degrees) in the mid-infrared with a significantly reduced beam divergence (down to 0.5 degrees). The architecture is also set up to be manufacturable and testable on a wafer scale, requiring no cleaved facets or special mirror coating to function. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Temperature insensitivity of the Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs lasers for λ = 808 and 908 nm
M. Razeghi, H. Yi, J. Diaz, S. Kim, and M. Erdtmann
SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings 3001-- February 12, 1997 ...[Visit Journal]
n this work, we present our recent achievements for the reliability of the Al-free lasers at high temperatures and high powers. Laser operations up to 30,000 hours were achieved without any degradation in the lasers characteristics from 7 randomly selected InGaAsP/GaAs diodes for λ = 808 nm. The test were performed for lasers without mirror-coating for optical power of 0.5 to 1 W CW at 50 approximately 60 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration of the extremely high reliability of Al-free diodes operations at high powers and temperatures for periods of time much longer than practical need (approximately 3 years). The characteristics during the tests are discussed in detail. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Ultra-broadband quantum cascade laser, tunable over 760 cm−1, with balanced gain
N. Bandyopadhyay, M. Chen, S. Sengupta, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Opt. Express 23, 21159-21164 -- August 10, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
A heterogeneous quantum cascade laser, consisting of multiple stacks of discrete wavelength quantum cascade stages, emitting in 5.9-10.9 µm, wavelength range is reported. The broadband characteristics are demonstrated with a distributed-feedback laser array, emitting at fixed frequencies at room temperature, covering an emission range of ~760 cm−1, which is ~59% relative to the center frequency. By appropriate choice of a strained AlInAs/GaInAs material system, quantum cascade stage design and spatial arrangement of stages, the distributed-feedback array has been engineered to exhibit a flat threshold current density across the demonstrated range. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High performance InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot infrared photodetector achieved through doping level optimization
S. Tsao, K. Mi, J. Szafraniec, W. Zhang, H. Lim, B. Movaghar, and M. Razeghi
SPIE Conference, Jose, CA, Vol. 5732, pp. 334-- January 22, 2005 ...[Visit Journal]
We report an InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs quantum dot infrared photodetector grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with detectivity of 1.3x1011 cm·Hz½/W at 77K and 1.2x1010 ccm·Hz½/W at 120K. Modeling of the Quantum dot energy levels showed us that increased photoresponse could be obtained by doping the quantum dots to 4 electrons per dot instead of the usual 2 electrons per dot. This happens because the primary photocurrent transition is from the first excited state to a higher excited state. Increasing the quantum doping in our device yielded significant responsivity improvement and much higher detectivity as a result. This paper discusses the performance of this higher doping device and compares it to our previously reported device with lower doping. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Aluminum-free Quantum Well Intersubband Photodetectors with p-type GaAs Wells and lattice-matched ternary and quaternary barriers
J. Hoff, E. Bigan, G.J. Brown, and M. Razeghi
Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Materials, Physics and Devices, SPIE Conference, San Jose, CA; Proceedings, Vol. 2397-- February 6, 1995 ...[Visit Journal]
Acceptor doped Quantum Well Intersubband Photodetectors with GaAs wells and lattice matched barriers of both ternary (In0.49Ga0.51P) and quaternary (In0.62Ga0.38As0.22P0.78) materials have been grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrates by Low Pressure Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition. Mesa devices were fabricated and subjected to a series of tests to illuminate experimentally some of the detection capabilities of the lattice matched quaternary InxGa1-xAsyP1-y system with (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.52) and (0 ≤ y ≤ 1). The observed photoresponse cut-off wavelengths are in good agreement with the activation energies observed in the temperature dependence of the dark currents. Kronig-Penney calculations were used to model the intersubband transition energies. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Anomalous Hall Effect in InSb Layers Grown by MOCVD on GaAs Substrates
C. Besikci, Y.H. Choi, R. Sudharsanan, and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics 73 (10)-- May 15, 1993 ...[Visit Journal]
InSb epitaxial layers have been grown on GaAs substrates by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A 3.15 μm thick film yielded an x‐ray full width at half maximum of 171 arcsec. A Hall mobility of 76  200 cm²/V· s at 240 K and a full width at half maximum of 174 arcsec have been measured for a 4.85 μm thick epilayer. Measured Hall data have shown anomalous behavior. A decrease in Hall mobility with decreasing temperature has been observed and room‐temperature Hall mobility has increased with thickness. In order to explain the anomalous Hall data, and the thickness dependence of the measured parameters, the Hall coefficient and Hall mobility have been simulated using a three‐layer model including a surface layer, a bulklike layer, and an interface layer with a high density of defects. Theoretical analysis has shown that anomalous behavior can be attributed to donor-like defects caused by the large lattice mismatch and to a surface layer which dominates the transport in the material at low temperatures.   [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Graphene versus oxides for transparent electrode applications
Sandana, V. E.; Rogers, D. J.; Teherani, F. Hosseini; Bove, P.; Razeghi, M.
Proc. SPIE 8626, Oxide-based Materials and Devices IV, 862603 (March 18, 2013)-- March 18, 2013 ...[Visit Journal]
Due to their combination of good electrical conductivity and optical transparency, Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCOs) are the most common choice as transparent electrodes for optoelectronics applications. In particular, devices, such as LEDs, LCDs, touch screens and solar cells typically employ indium tin oxide. However, indium has some significant drawbacks, including toxicity issues (which are hampering manufacturing), an increasing rarefication (due to a combination of relative scarcity and increasing demand [1]) and resulting price increases. Moreover, there is no satisfactory option at the moment for use as a p-type transparent contact. Thus alternative materials solutions are actively being sought. This review will compare the performance and perspectives of graphene with respect to TCOs for use in transparent conductor applications. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Comparison of ZnO nanostructures grown using pulsed laser deposition, metal organic chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor transport
V.E. Sandana, D.J. Rogers, F. Hosseini Teherani, R. McClintock, C. Bayram, M. Razeghi, H-J Drouhin, M.C. Clochard, V. Sallett, G. Garry, and F. Falyouni
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Vol. 27, No. 3, May/June, p. 1678-1683-- May 29, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
This article compares the forms and properties of ZnO nanostructures grown on Si (111) and c-plane sapphire (c-Al2O3) substrates using three different growth processes: metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), and physical vapor transport (PVT). A very wide range of ZnO nanostructures was observed, including nanorods, nanoneedles, nanocombs, and some novel structures resembelling “bevelled” nanowires. PVT gave the widest family of nanostructures. PLD gave dense regular arrays of nanorods with a preferred orientation perpendicular to the substrate plane on both Si and c-Al2O3 substrates, without the use of a catalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed that nanostructures grown by PLD were better crystallized and more highly oriented than those grown by PVT and MOCVD. Samples grown on Si showed relatively poor XRD response but lower wavelength emission and narrower linewidths in PL studies. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  cw operation of 1.57‐μm GaxIn1−xAsyP1−yInP distributed feedback lasers grown by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
M. Razeghi; R. Blondeau; K. Kazmierski; M. Krakowski; B. de Cremoux; J. P. Duchemin; J. C. Bouley
Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 784–786 (1984)-- October 1, 1984 ...[Visit Journal]
Continuous wave operation of 1. 57-Jim distributed feedback lasers fabricated on material grown by two-step low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth process is reported for the first time. Room-temperature continuous wave threshold currents as low as 60 rnA have been measured for devices with cavity length of 300 Jim and stripe width of 5 Jim. Single longitudinal mode operation at fixed mode was obtained under the continuous wave condition, in the temperature range 9-90 °C, with the wavelength shift of 0.9 A/C. A stop band of25 A in which no resonance mode emission existed, was observed in the output spectrum of the distributed feedback laser. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Engineering Multi-Section Quantum Cascade Lasers for Broadband Tuning
Steven Slivken and Manijeh Razeghi
Photonics 3, 41-- June 27, 2016 ...[Visit Journal]
In an effort to overcome current limitations to electrical tuning of quantum cascade lasers, a strategy is proposed which combines heterogeneous quantum cascade laser gain engineering with sampled grating architectures. This approach seeks to not only widen the accessible spectral range for an individual emitter, but also compensate for functional non-uniformity of reflectivity and gain lineshapes. A trial laser with a dual wavelength core is presented which exhibits electroluminescence over a 750 cm−1 range and discrete single mode laser emission over a 700 cm−1 range. Electrical tuning over 180 cm−1 is demonstrated with a simple sampled grating design. A path forward to even wider tuning is also described using more sophisticated gain and grating design principles. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Cubic Phase GaN on Nano-grooved Si (100) via Maskless Selective Area Epitaxy
Bayram, C., Ott, J. A., Shiu, K.-T., Cheng, C.-W., Zhu, Y., Kim, J., Razeghi, M. and Sadana, D. K.
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014-- April 1, 2014 ...[Visit Journal]
A method of forming cubic phase (zinc blende) GaN (referred as c-GaN) on a CMOS-compatible on-axis Si (100) substrate is reported. Conventional GaN materials are hexagonal phase (wurtzite) (referred as h-GaN) and possess very high polarization fields (∼MV/cm) along the common growth direction of <0001>. Such large polarization fields lead to undesired shifts (e.g., wavelength and current) in the performance of photonic and vertical transport electronic devices. The cubic phase of GaN materials is polarization-free along the common growth direction of <001>, however, this phase is thermodynamically unstable, requiring low-temperature deposition conditions and unconventional substrates (e.g., GaAs). Here, novel nano-groove patterning and maskless selective area epitaxy processes are employed to integrate thermodynamically stable, stress-free, and low-defectivity c-GaN on CMOS-compatible on-axis Si. These results suggest that epitaxial growth conditions and nano-groove pattern parameters are critical to obtain such high quality c-GaN. InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well structures grown on c-GaN/Si (100) show strong room temperature luminescence in the visible spectrum, promising visible emitter applications for this technology. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Ga2O3/(Al)GaN Heterostructures for Next Generation Power Electronics
Manijeh Razeghi, N. Shrestha, V. E. Sandana, D. J. Rogers, F. H. Teherani
physica status solidi (b), 2026; 263:e70213
Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is an emerging semiconductor for high-power electronics, but its low thermal conductivity, lack of viable p-type doping, and limited carrier mobility restrict device performance and prevent high-speed applications. This work presents a novel strategy to simultaneously mitigate the thermal and transport limitations of Ga2O3 through heterojunctions with III-nitride materials. Owing to their higher thermal conductivity and strong polarization fields, III-nitrides can enhance heat dissipation and enable high-density two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) at the heterointerface, improving switching speed. The role of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization in 2DEG formation is systematically examined. It is shown that Al-polar AlN/β-Ga2O3 heterojunctions do not support 2DEG formation due to hole accumulation at the interface, whereas N-polar AlN/β-Ga2O3 heterostructures are identified as promising candidates for high 2DEG densities. The band alignment of the AlN/β-Ga2O3 interface is also investigated. Additionally, κ-Ga2O3, recently identified as ferroelectric with strong polarization, is explored in κ-Ga2O3/AlGaN heterostructures. Using epitaxial layer and strain engineering, electron mobilities up to 691 cm2 V−1 s −1 at 77 K were achieved in MOCVD-grown κ-Ga2O3/N-polar AlGaN/AlN heterostructures. These results highlight the potential of III-nitride/Ga2O3 heterostructures for high-power and radiofrequency device applications with enhanced performance and efficiency. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Room temperature continuous wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with 12.5% wall plug efficiency
Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 2, p. 021103-1-- July 14, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
An InP based quantum cascade laser heterostructure emitting at 4.6 µm was grown with gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The wafer was processed into a conventional double-channel ridge waveguide geometry with ridge widths of 19.7 and 10.6 µm without semi-insulating InP regrowth. An uncoated, narrow ridge device with a 4.8 mm cavity length was epilayer down bonded to a diamond submount and exhibits 2.5 W maximum output power with a wall plug efficiency of 12.5% at room temperature in continuous wave operation. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High brightness angled cavity quantum cascade lasers
D. Heydari, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi
Applied Physics Letters 106, 091105-- March 6, 2015 ...[Visit Journal]
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) with an output power of 203 W is demonstrated in pulsed mode at 283 K with an angled cavity. The device has a ridge width of 300 μm, a cavity length of 5.8 mm, and a tilt angle of 12°. The back facet is high reflection coated, and the front facet is anti-reflection coated. The emitting wavelength is around 4.8 μm. In distinct contrast to a straight cavity broad area QCL, the lateral far field is single lobed with a divergence angle of only 3°. An ultrahigh brightness value of 156 MW cm²·sr-1 is obtained, which marks the brightest QCL to date. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Noise analysis in type-II InAs/GaSb focal plane arrays
P.Y. Delaunay and M. Razeghi
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 6, p. 063110-- September 15, 2009 ...[Visit Journal]
A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference in the array was measured as low as 23 mK for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The noise behavior of the detectors was properly described by a model based on thermal, shot, read out integrated circuit, and photon noises. The noise of the imager was dominated by photon noise for photon fluxes higher than 1.8×1015 ph·s−1·cm−2. At lower irradiance, the imager was limited by the shot noise generated by the dark current or the noise of the testing system. The superlattice detector did not create 1/f noise for frequencies above 4 mHz. As a result, the focal plane array did not require frequent calibrations. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High‐quality GaAs/Ga0.49In0.51P superlattices grown on GaAs and silicon substrates by low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition Available
M. Razeghi; Ph. Maurel; F. Omnes; M. Defour; C. Boothroyd; W. M. Stobbs; M. Kelly
J. Appl. Phys. 63, 4511–4514 (1988) -- May 1, 1988 ...[Visit Journal]
We report the successful growth of Ga0.49 Iuo.5 ! P-GaAs superlattices on GaAs and Si substrates by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The high quality of the structure grown on GaAs and silicon substrates has been evidenced by transmission electron microscopy photographs, that show very sharp interfaces between GaAs wells and Gao.49InO.51 P barriers, with perfect control of thicknesses and compositions. Classical Hall measurements performed on the sample further demonstrated the presence of a twodimensional electron ga.<; with a mobility at T = 4 K , fL (4 K) = 50000 cm2 1V Is, and a carrier concentration n _ (4 K) = 2,9 X 1011 em -2. GaAs/Gao.49 InO. 51 P superlattices have been used, as well as buffer layer in order to grow GaAs on silicon substrates. Mirrorlike single-crystal GaAs has thus been obtained. A GaInP IGaAs heterostructure with electron HaH mobility as high as 6000 cm2 /V Is at 300 K and 80000 cm2 /V Is at 4 K has been grown, which is the highest mobility that has yet been reported for these materials, [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Low threshold GaInAsP/InP lasers with good temperature dependence grown by low pressure MOVPE
J.-P. Hirtz, M. Razeghi, J.-P. Larivain, S. Hersee, J.-P. Duchemin
Electronics Letters Volume 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19810081-- February 1, 1981 ...[Visit Journal]
Room temperature pulsed operation has been achieved in the 1.2–1.3 μm region for GaInAsP/InP lasers grown by low pressure metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. Thresholds as low as 1.2 kA/cm2 and threshold temperature dependences of exp T/T0, with T0 up to 80 K, have been obtained. [reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  High Detectivity InGaAs/InGaP Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors Grown by Low Pressure Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
J. Jiang, S. Tsao, T. O'Sullivan, W. Zhang, H. Lim, T. Sills, K. Mi, M. Razeghi, G.J. Brown, and M.Z. Tidrow
Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology 9 (12)-- March 29, 2004 ...[Visit Journal][reprint (PDF)]
 
19.  Recent advances in LWIR type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors and focal plane arrays at the Center for Quantum Devices
M. Razeghi, D. Hoffman, B.M. Nguyen, P.Y. Delaunay, E.K. Huang, and M.Z. Tidrow
SPIE Porceedings, Vol. 6940, Orlando, FL 2008, p. 694009-- March 17, 2008 ...[Visit Journal]
In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors have experienced significant improvements in material quality, structural designs, and imaging applications. They now appear to be a possible alternative to the state-of-the-art HgCdTe (MCT) technology in the long and very long wavelength infrared regimes. At the Center for Quantum Devices,we have successfully realized very high quantum efficiency, very high dynamic differential resistance R0A - product LWIR Type – II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with efficient surface passivation techniques. The demonstration of high quality LWIR Focal Plane Arrays that were 100 % fabricated in - house reaffirms the pioneer position of this university-based laboratory. [reprint (PDF)]
 

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